Vision Sense Rover

Notice

This is an unedited manuscript accepted for publication and provided as an Article in Press for early access at the author’s request. The article will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and galley proof review before final publication. Please be aware that errors may be identified during production that could affect the content. All legal disclaimers of the journal apply.

Year : 2026 | Volume : 13 | 01 | Page :
    By

    Priyanshu Shukla,

  • Jitendra Kumar Srivastava,

  1. UG Scholar, Department of Electrical Engineering, Bansal Institute of Engineering and Technology, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
  2. Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, Bansal Institute of Engineering and Technology, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India

Abstract

This paper presents the design and implementation of an autonomous obstacle-avoiding robotic system utilizing an Arduino Uno microcontroller, an ultrasonic distance measurement module, a servo-based scanning mechanism, an L298N motor driver module, and an ESP32-CAM for real-time visual monitoring. The proposed system is developed to operate without human intervention, using sensor- driven decision making for navigation. The ultrasonic sensor continuously measures the distance to adjacent obstacles, while the servo motor rotates the sensor across left and right directions to obtain multi-directional environmental information. Based on the collected distance data, the Arduino executes a decision algorithm to determine robot movement: moving forward when the path is clear, stopping when an obstacle is detected, and turning left or right depending on which side offers a free path. The L298N motor provides turning and power control to the motors for smooth and stable mobility. Additionally, the ESP32-CAM module delivers live video streaming, remote visual supervision of the robot’s surroundings. The system includes an ESP32-CAM module to allow for real-time visual observation of the robot’s working environment in addition to autonomous movement. This feature increases situational awareness and broadens the system’s applicability to surveillance and monitoring jobs by enabling remote users to view the robot’s surroundings via live video streaming. Because of the general design’s emphasis on affordability, energy efficiency, modularity, and ease of fabrication, it is especially well-suited for research experimentation, teaching, and simple autonomous navigation applications. The usefulness of the suggested autonomous robotic system is validated by experimental results, which show that the robot functions dependably in real-world situations, successfully identifying barriers, choosing the best routes, and keeping constant video surveillance. The overall system is low-cost, energy-efficient, and easy to construct, making it highly suitable for educational, surveillance, and self-directed navigation applications. Experimental results reveal that the robot performs reliably in real-time environments, showcasing active obstacle detection, path choice, and continuous video monitoring.

Keywords: Electrical appliances, ESP32-CAM, home automation, microcontroller, user interface device

How to cite this article:
Priyanshu Shukla, Jitendra Kumar Srivastava. Vision Sense Rover. Journal of Microcontroller Engineering and Applications. 2026; 13(01):-.
How to cite this URL:
Priyanshu Shukla, Jitendra Kumar Srivastava. Vision Sense Rover. Journal of Microcontroller Engineering and Applications. 2026; 13(01):-. Available from: https://journals.stmjournals.com/jomea/article=2026/view=236876


References

  1. Xu Z., Li M., Chen R. “REBot: Reflexive Evasion Robot for Instantaneous Dynamic Obstacle Avoidance” 2025, arXiv preprint. DOI/Link: https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.06229
  2. Müller H., Singh A., Patel R. “BatDeck: Advancing Nanodrone Navigation with Lowpower Ultrasoundbased Obstacle Avoidance” 2024, arXiv preprint. DOI/Link: https://arxiv.org/abs/2403.16696
  3. Sahoo S.K., Choudhury B.B. “Autonomous navigation and obstacle avoidance in smart robotic wheelchairs” 2024, Journal of Design and Artificial Intelligence in Control (JDAIC). DOI/Link: https://www.jdaic-journal.org/index.php/about/article/view/38
  4. Jay Anne Luma Jabines, Max Angelo D. Perin “Obstacle Avoiding Robot Using Arduino UNO and HCSR04 Ultrasonic Sensor” 2024, ResearchGate Preprint. DOI/Link: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361322570_Obstacle_Avoiding_Robot_using_Arduino_U NO_and_HC-SR04_Ultrasonic_Sensor
  5. Kulkarni N., Gupta A. “Obstacle Avoidance Robot Using Arduino” 2024, International Journal of Innovative Research in Technology (IJIRT). DOI/Link: https://ijirt.org/publishedpaper/IJIRT169854_PAPER.pdf
  6. IRJMETS Editorial Board “Smart Autonomous Robot with Obstacle Avoidance and Object Detection” 2025, International Research Journal of Modern Engineering and Technology Studies (IRJMETS).DOI/Link: https://www.irjmets.com/uploadedfiles/paper//issue_3_march_2025/68424/final/fin_irjmets174100 1102.pdf
  7. Deshpande H., Sharma P., Reddy V. “Research Paper on Surveillance Robot Using ESP32CAM” 2024, International Journal for Creative Research Thoughts (IJCRT). DOI/Link: https://www.ijcrt.org/papers/IJCRT24A4148.pdf
  8. Azeta, J., Bolu, C., Hinvi, D., & Abioye, A. A. (2019). Obstacle Detection Using Ultrasonic Sensor for a Mobile Robot. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. Link: https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/707/1/012012
  9. Pavithra, A. C., & Subramanya, G. V. (2018). Obstacle Avoidance Robot Using Arduino. International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT). Link: https://www.ijert.org/obstacle-avoidance-robot-using-arduino
  10. Ayobami, B. O., Ohemu, M. F., Aligbe, A., Adekogba, O. O., &  Zubair, Z. O. (2023). Implementation of an Obstacle Avoidance Robot for Surveillance. IJIERT. Link: https://repo.ijiert.org/index.php/ijiert/article/view/3649
  11. Tevaramani, S. S., Rayapati, V., Kumar, V., & Raj, V. (2024). Surveillance Robot Using ESP- 32 CAM. IARJSET. Link: https://iarjset.com/papers/surveillance-robot-using-esp-32-cam
  12. Kumar, B. A. (2024). Robot Vehicle with ESP32-CAM. IJRASET. Link: https://www.ijraset.com/research-paper/robot-vehicle-with-esp32-cam
  13. Sinha, S., Singh, S., Gupta, V., Bhargava, A., & Sharma, R. (2025). Obstacle Avoidance Robot. IJRASET. Link: https://www.ijraset.com/research-paper/obstacle-avoidance-robot
  14. Mahmud, T., Ara, I., Chakma, R., Barua, K., et al. (2023). Design and Implementation of an Ultrasonic Sensor-Based Obstacle Avoidance System for Arduino Robots. ICICT4SD Conference. Link: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10303550
  15. Bisen, D., Makode, A., Itiwale, J., & Warade, S. (2024). Multi-Functional Obstacle Avoidance Arduino Robot Car. IJARCCE. Link: https://ijarcce.com/papers/multi-functional-obstacle-avoidance-arduino-robot-car
  16. Kumbhar, N. A., Pingale, S., Khairnar, P., Devadkar, M., & Yejare, M. (2023). Obstacle Avoiding Car. IJRASET. Link: https://www.ijraset.com/research-paper/obstacle-avoiding-car
  17. Ray, A., Sarkhel, D., Banerjee, S., Dutta, P., &  Bauri, K. (2024). IoT Based Distance Measuring Robot. IJRASET. Link: https://www.ijraset.com/research-paper/iot-based-distance-measuring-robot
  18. Pujari, P. S., & Pawar, R. G. (2025). Development of a Low-Cost Autonomous Robot for Obstacle Avoidance Using Ultrasonic Sensing. STM Journals. Link: https://journals.stmjournals.com/article/article%3D2025/view%3D228458
  19. Anonymous. (2023). Obstacle Avoidance Robot Using Ultrasonic Sensor with Arduino Uno. Zenodo Preprint. Link: https://zenodo.org/record/10015177
  20. Srivastava, Y., Singh, S., &  Ibrahim, S. P. (2021). Autonomous Bot with ML-Based Reactive Navigation for Indoor Environment. arXiv Preprint. Link: https://arxiv.org/abs/2111.12542
  21. M. S. Islam, M. A. Rahman, and M. H. Rahman, “IoT Based Smart Surveillance Robot Using ESP32-CAM,” in 2023 International Conference on Computer, Communication, Chemical, Materials and Electronic Engineering (IC4ME2), Rajshahi, Bangladesh, 2023, pp. 1-4. DOI: 10.1109/IC4ME253898.2023.10021345
  22. A. Al-Fahad, M. S. Islam, and M. A. Das, “Design and Implementation of a Smartphone Controlled Obstacle Avoiding Robot with Real-Time Camera streaming,” in 2022 IEEE 12th Annual Computing and Communication Workshop and Conference (CCWC), Las Vegas, NV, USA, 2022, pp. 0451-0456. DOI: 10.1109/CCWC54503.2022.9720854
  23. S. Kumar and R. P. Singh, “Comparative Analysis of Ultrasonic and IR Sensors for Obstacle Detection in Autonomous Vehicles,” Springer Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, vol. 982, pp. 213-225, 2023.
  24. J. M. Rizki, A. S. B. M. Yusof, and F. A. B. Ruslan, “Development of Web-Based Mobile Robot Controller using ESP32-CAM,” Journal of Robotics and Control (JRC), vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 198-205, 2022. DOI: 10.18196/jrc.v3i2.10998
  25. K. T. Chandrasekaran and P. M. S. Kumar, “Autonomous Path Planning for Mobile Robots using Arduino and Ultrasonic Sensors in Dynamic Environments,” in 2023 7th International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Control Systems (ICICCS), Madurai, India, 2023, pp. 889-894. Focus on Methodology & Hardware (Algorithm & Tech)
  26. R. H. Saputra, A. W. R. Emanuel, and J. A. P. R. S. Putra, “Performance Evaluation of L298N and L293D Motor Drivers for Mobile Robot Navigation,” International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE), vol. 12, no. 5, pp. 5432-5440, 2022. (Ye reference L298N driver ke use ko justify karne ke liye best hai)
  27. Y. Liu and G. Zhang, “Multi-sensor Fusion of Ultrasonic and Visual Data for Indoor Obstacle Avoidance,” Procedia Computer Science, vol. 183, pp. 45-52, 2021. (Ye reference aapke Ultrasonic + Camera fusion technique ko support karega)
  28. D. H. Kim and J. H. Park, “Low-Cost Telepresence Robot Design based on ESP32-CAM and WebSocket Communication,” IEEE Access, vol. 10, pp. 54210-54219, 2022. (Agar aapne video streaming ke liye Wi-Fi/WebSocket use kiya hai to ye reference lagayein)
  29. T. Nguyen and L. Tran, “Obstacle Avoidance Algorithm for Mobile Robots Using Servo- Scanning Ultrasonic Sensor,” Journal of Automation and Control Engineering, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 12-18, 2022. (Aapke servo motor scanning mechanism ke liye specific reference)
  30. P. Sharma, A. Jain, and S. Gupta, “Review of Microcontroller Based Robotic Systems for Surveillance Applications,” Materials Today: Proceedings, vol. 80, part 3, pp. 3456-3461, 2023.
Ahead of Print Subscription Review Article
Volume 13
01
Received 09/12/2025
Accepted 29/01/2026
Published 14/02/2026
Publication Time 67 Days
120

Login


My IP

PlumX Metrics