Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) and Metallo-beta-lactamases (MBLs): A Review


Year : 2025 | Volume : 15 | 02 | Page : –
    By

    Arun Singha,

  • Bharti Minhas,

  • Naveen Minhas,

  1. Student, Department of Microbiology, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India
  2. Student, Department of Microbiology, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India
  3. Culture and Drug Susceptibility Testing Laboratory for Tuberculosis, Department of Microbiology, Indira Gandhi Medical College, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India

Abstract

document.addEventListener(‘DOMContentLoaded’,function(){frmFrontForm.scrollToID(‘frm_container_abs_176215’);});Edit Abstract & Keyword

Gram-negative bacteria produce extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) and metallo-beta-lactamases (MBLs), enzymes that play a crucial role in antibiotic resistance. These enzymes enable the bacteria to withstand a wide array of beta-lactam antibiotics, including penicillins, cephalosporins, and carbapenems. The production of these enzymes, particularly by organisms such as Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae, complicates treatment options for severe infections, leading to increased morbidity and mortality in clinical settings. ESBLs are primarily responsible for hydrolyzing extended-spectrum cephalosporins, while MBLs can hydrolyze carbapenems, often regarded as last-resort antibiotics. The genetic basis for these resistances is typically found on plasmids, facilitating their spread among bacterial populations. The detection of ESBL and MBL-producing bacteria in both clinical and environmental settings highlights the critical necessity for improved monitoring and infection control strategies to address the escalating issue of antibiotic resistance. Understanding the mechanisms of resistance and the epidemiology of these enzymes is crucial for developing effective therapeutic strategies and public health interventions.

Keywords: Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs), Metallo-beta-lactamases (MBLs), Gram-negative bacteria, Antibiotics

How to cite this article:
Arun Singha, Bharti Minhas, Naveen Minhas. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) and Metallo-beta-lactamases (MBLs): A Review. Research and Reviews: A Journal of Microbiology and Virology. 2025; 15(02):-.
How to cite this URL:
Arun Singha, Bharti Minhas, Naveen Minhas. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) and Metallo-beta-lactamases (MBLs): A Review. Research and Reviews: A Journal of Microbiology and Virology. 2025; 15(02):-. Available from: https://journals.stmjournals.com/rrjomv/article=2025/view=0


document.addEventListener(‘DOMContentLoaded’,function(){frmFrontForm.scrollToID(‘frm_container_ref_176215’);});Edit

References

  1. Adelowo, O. O., Caucci, S., Banjo, O. A., Nnanna, O. C., Awotipe, E. O., Peters, F. B., & Berendonk, T. U. (2018). Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL)-producing bacteria isolated from hospital wastewaters, rivers and aquaculture sources in Nigeria. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25, 2744-2755.
  2. Agouri, S. R. (2014). Genetic characterization of MBL positive pseudomonas and Enterobacteriaceae (Doctoral dissertation, Cardiff University).
  3. Akhtar, A., Fatima, N., & Khan, H. M. (2022). Beta-lactamases and their classification: an overview. Beta-Lactam Resistance in Gram-Negative Bacteria: Threats and Challenges, 25-33.
  4. Alfei, S., & Schito, A. M. (2022). β-lactam antibiotics and β-lactamase enzymes inhibitors, part 2: our limited resources. Pharmaceuticals, 15(4), 476.
  5. Bebrone, C. (2007). Metallo-β-lactamases (classification, activity, genetic organization, structure, zinc coordination) and their superfamily. Biochemical pharmacology, 74(12), 1686-1701.
  6. Bengtsson-Palme, J., Kristiansson, E., & Larsson, D. J. (2018). Environmental factors influencing the development and spread of antibiotic resistance. Federation of European Microbiology reviews, 42(1), 53.
  7. Castanheira, M., Simner, P. J., & Bradford, P. A. (2021). Extended-spectrum β-lactamases: an update on their characteristics, epidemiology and detection. JAC-antimicrobial resistance,3(3), 092.
  8. Darwish, R. M., Matar, S. G., Snaineh, A. A. A., Alsharif, M. R., Yahia, A. B., Mustafa, H. N., & Hasabo, E. A. (2022). Impact of antimicrobial stewardship on antibiogram, consumption and incidence of multi-drug resistance. BMC Infectious Diseases, 22(1), 916.
  9. Dyar, O. J., Huttner, B., Schouten, J., & Pulcini, C. (2017). What is antimicrobial stewardship. Clinical microbiology and infection, 23(11), 793-798.
  10. Ferry, A., Plaisant, F., Ginevra, C., Dumont, Y., Grando, J., Claris, O., & Butin, M. (2020). Enterobacter cloacae colonisation and infection in a neonatal intensive care unit: retrospective investigation of preventive measures implemented after a multiclonal outbreak. BMC Infectious Diseases, 20, 1-7.
  11. Garcia, J. D., & Gomez Vecchio, T. (2020). A literature review-nurses’ interventions to prevent ESBL-producing bacterial infections.
  12. Ghafourian, S., Sadeghifard, N., Soheili, S., & Sekawi, Z. (2015). Extended Spectrum Beta-lactamases: Definition, Classification and Epidemiology. Current issues in molecular biology, 17, 11–21.
  13. Gharavi, M. J., Zarei, J., Roshani-Asl, P., Yazdanyar, Z., Sharif, M., & Rashidi, N. (2021). Comprehensive study of antimicrobial susceptibility pattern and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) prevalence in bacteria isolated from urine samples. Scientific reports, 11(1), 578.
  14. Hamadamin, H. Z., Shallal, A. F., & Qader, I. N. (2024). Synergistic role of Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) and bacterial structure on antibacterial drugs. Jabirian Journal of Biointerface Research in Pharmaceutics and Applied Chemistry, 1(3), 26-36.
  15. Husna, A., Rahman, M. M., Badruzzaman, A. T. M., Sikder, M. H., Islam, M. R., Rahman, M. T., & Ashour, H. M. (2023). Extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL): challenges and opportunities. Biomedicines, 11(11), 2937.
  16. Hussain, H. I., Aqib, A. I., Seleem, M. N., Shabbir, M. A., Hao, H., Iqbal, Z., & Li, K. (2021). Genetic basis of molecular mechanisms in β-lactam resistant gram-negative bacteria. Microbial pathogenesis, 158, 105040.
  17. Iliyasu, M. Y., Uba, A., & Agbo, E. B. (2018). Phenotypic detection of multidrug-resistant extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli from clinical samples. African Journal of Cellular Pathology, 10(2), 25-32.
  18. Kaur, A., & Singh, S. (2018). Prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) and metallo beta-lactamase (MBL) producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii isolated from various clinical samples. Journal of Pathogens, 2018(1), 6845985.
  19. Kaur, N., Kaur, A., & Singh, S. (2017). Prevalence of ESBL and MBL-producing gram-negative isolates from various clinical samples in a tertiary care hospital. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 6(4), 1423-1430.
  20. Krco, S., Davis, S. J., Joshi, P., Wilson, L. A., Monteiro Pedroso, M., Douw, A., & Morris, M. T. (2023). Structure, function, and evolution of metallo-β-lactamases from the B3 subgroup emerging targets to combat antibiotic resistance. Frontiers in Chemistry, 11, 1196073.
  21. Leylabadlo, H. E., Asgharzadeh, M., & Aghazadeh, M. (2015). Dissemination of carbapenemases producing Gram-negative bacteria in the Middle East. Iranian Journal of Microbiology, 7(5), 226.
  22. Mahmoodi, F., Rezatofighi, S. E., & Akhoond, M. R. (2020). Antimicrobial resistance and metallo-beta-lactamase producing among commensal Escherichia coli isolates from healthy children of Khuzestan and Fars provinces; Iran. BMC microbiology, 20, 1-11.
  23. Muzslay, M., Moore, G., Alhussaini, N., & Wilson, A. P. R. (2017). ESBL-producing Gram-negative organisms in the healthcare environment as a source of genetic material for resistance in human infections. Journal of Hospital Infection, 95(1), 59-64.
  24. Nepal, K., Pant, N. D., Neupane, B., Belbase, A., Baidhya, R., Shrestha, R. K., & Jha, B. (2017). Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase and metallo beta-lactamase production among Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from different clinical samples in a tertiary care hospital in Kathmandu, Nepal. Annals of clinical microbiology and antimicrobials, 16, 1-7.
  25. Oberoi L, Singh N, Sharma P, Aggarwal A. ESBL, MBL and Ampc β Lactamases Producing Superbugs – Havoc in the Intensive Care Units of Punjab India. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research.
  26. Owlia, P., Azimi, L., Gholami, A., Asghari, B., & Lari, A. R. (2012). ESBL- and MBL-mediated resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii: a global threat to burn patients. Infez Med, 20(3), 182-187.
  27. Padmini, N., Ajilda, A. A. K., Sivakumar, N., & Selvakumar, G. (2017). Extended-spectrum β‐lactamase producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae: critical tools for antibiotic resistance pattern. Journal of Basic Microbiology, 57(6), 460-470.
  28. Paterson, D. L., & Bonomo, R. A. (2005). Extended-spectrum β-lactamases: a clinical update. Clinical microbiology reviews, 18(4), 657-686.
  29. Pedroso, M. M., Waite, D. W., Melse, O., Wilson, L., Mitic, N., McGeary, R. P., & Schenk, G. (2020). Broad spectrum antibiotic-degrading metallo-β-lactamases are phylogenetically diverse. Protein & Cell, 11(8), 613-617.
  30. Poirel, L., Potron, A., & Nordmann, P. (2012). OXA-48-like carbapenemases: the phantom menace. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 67(7), 1597-1606.
  31. Poulou, A., Grivakou, E., Vrioni, G., Koumaki, V., Pittaras, T., Pournaras, S., & Tsakris, A. (2014). Modified CLSI extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) confirmatory test for phenotypic detection of ESBLs among Enterobacteriaceae producing various β-lactamases. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 52(5), 1483-1489.
  32. Prinzi, A. (2022). Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases: To Confirm or Not Confirm. American sociaty of Microbiology.
  33. Rahman, S., Ali, T., Ali, I., Khan, N. A., Han, B., & Gao, J. (2018). The growing genetic and functional diversity of extended-spectrum beta‐lactamases. BioMed research international, 2018(1), 9519718.
  34. Rawat, D., & Nair, D. (2010). Extended-spectrum β-lactamases in Gram Negative Bacteria. Journal of global infectious diseases, 2(3), 263–274.
  35. Rice L. B. (2012). Mechanisms of resistance and clinical relevance of resistance to β-lactams, glycopeptides, and fluoroquinolones. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 87(2), 198–208.
  36. Rodríguez-Martinez, J. M., Machuca, J., Cano, M. E., Calvo, J., Martínez-Martínez, L., & Pascual, A. (2016). Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance: two decades on. Drug Resistance Updates, 29, 13-29.
  37. Salvia, T., Dolma, K. G., Dhakal, O. P., Khandelwal, B., & Singh, L. S. (2022). Phenotypic Detection of ESBL, AmpC, MBL, and Their Co-occurrence among MDR Enterobacteriaceae Isolates. Journal of Laboratory Physicians, 14(03), 329-335.
  38. Shah, S. R., & Karanje, N. C. (2019). Study of Metallo-Beta-Lactamase Producing Gram Negative Bacteria in a Tertiary Care Hospital. Saudi Journal of Pathology and Microbiology, 4(7), 550-554.
  39. Shrestha, A., Acharya, J., & Amatya, J. (2020). Prevalence of ESBL and MBL-producing gram-negative uropathogens. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 101, 52.
  40. Shrestha, A., Acharya, J., Amatya, J., Paudyal, R., & Rijal, N. (2022). Detection of Beta‐Lactamases (ESBL and MBL) Producing Gram‐Negative Pathogens in National Public Health Laboratory of Nepal. International Journal of Microbiology, 2022(1), 5474388.
  41. Shurina, B. A. (2022). Biophysical Studies of Members of Four β-lactamase families (Doctoral dissertation, Miami University).
  42. Sultana, S. (2017). Detection of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBLA), screening of AmpC β-lactamase and detection of CTX-M and aacA-aphD genes among the multidrug-resistant bacteria found in two tertiary hospitals of Dhaka city (Doctoral dissertation, BRAC University).
  43. Tan, X., Kim, H. S., Baugh, K., Huang, Y., Kadiyala, N., Wences, M., Singh, N., Wenzler, E., & Bulman, Z. P. (2021). Therapeutic Options for Metallo-β-Lactamase-Producing Enterobacterales. Infection and drug resistance, 14, 125–142.
  44. Tazeen, A. (2017). Detection of ESBL Production and Antibiotic Sensitivity Pattern of Enterobacteriaceae Causing Urinary Tract Infection (Doctoral dissertation, Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences (India)).
  45. Walsh, T. R. (2005). The emergence and implications of metallo‐β‐lactamases in Gram‐negative bacteria. Clinical microbiology and infection, 11, 2-9.
  46. Walsh, T. R., Toleman, M. A., Poirel, L., & Nordmann, P. (2011). Metallo-β-lactamases: The quiet before the storm? Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 24(1), 44-63.
  47. Woerther, P. L., Andremont, A., & Kantele, A. (2017). Travel-acquired ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae: impact of colonization at individual and community level. Journal of Travel Medicine, 24, S29-S34.
  48. Zango, U. U., Ibrahim, M., Shawai, S. A. A., & Shamsuddin, I. M. (2019). A review on β-lactam antibiotic drug resistance. MOJ Drug Design Development & Therapy, 3(2), 52-58.
Ahead of Print Subscription Review Article
Volume 15
02
Received 15/01/2025
Accepted 28/02/2025
Published 28/02/2025
Publication Time 44 Days
118

async function fetchCitationCount(doi) {
let apiUrl = `https://api.crossref.org/works/${doi}`;
try {
let response = await fetch(apiUrl);
let data = await response.json();
let citationCount = data.message[“is-referenced-by-count”];
document.getElementById(“citation-count”).innerText = `Citations: ${citationCount}`;
} catch (error) {
console.error(“Error fetching citation count:”, error);
document.getElementById(“citation-count”).innerText = “Citations: Data unavailable”;
}
}
fetchCitationCount(“.v15i02.0”);

Loading citations…