Exploring Azadirachta indica’s Potential to Combat Visceral Leishmaniasis Through GP63 Inhibition

Notice

This is an unedited manuscript accepted for publication and provided as an Article in Press for early access at the author’s request. The article will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and galley proof review before final publication. Please be aware that errors may be identified during production that could affect the content. All legal disclaimers of the journal apply.

Year : 2024 | Volume :02 | Issue : 02 | Page : –
By
vector

Mohammed Abrar,

  1. Student, Department of Bioinformatics, BioNome, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India

Abstract document.addEventListener(‘DOMContentLoaded’,function(){frmFrontForm.scrollToID(‘frm_container_abs_128815’);});Edit Abstract & Keyword

OBJECTIVES: Millions of people worldwide suffer from the parasite disease visceral leishmaniasis. Determine the naturally occurring active ingredients in Azadirachta indica, which are employed as a disease-prevention agent and have several uses in medicine. To choose the best ligand to use as a medication, absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) studies and molecular docking are employed.
METHODS: To obtain the GP63 protein, the Protein Data Bank (PDB) database was accessed. The IMPPAT database was utilised to obtain phytocompounds. The pharmacokinetic characteristics of these drugs were evaluated using in silico ADME analysis. PyRx is used for molecular docking.
RESULTS: Molecular docking analysis revealed promising interactions between the selected Azadirachta Indica phytocompound and the GP63 protein, indicating its potential as inhibitor of Leishmania parasite virulence. 6-Deacetylnimbin demonstrated significant binding affinity with GP63, warranting further investigation. Furthermore, the phytocompound exhibited favourable pharmacokinetic properties, suggesting their suitability for drug development.
CONCLUSION: The phytocompound 6-Deacetylnimbin exhibits a promising binding affinity with the GP63 protein, making it a potential therapeutic candidate for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis.

Keywords: Azadirachta Indica, Visceral Leishmaniasis, GP63, Phytocompound, Molecular Docking, ADMET analysis

[This article belongs to International Journal of Genetic Modifications and Recombinations (ijgmr)]

How to cite this article:
Mohammed Abrar. Exploring Azadirachta indica’s Potential to Combat Visceral Leishmaniasis Through GP63 Inhibition. International Journal of Genetic Modifications and Recombinations. 2024; 02(02):-.
How to cite this URL:
Mohammed Abrar. Exploring Azadirachta indica’s Potential to Combat Visceral Leishmaniasis Through GP63 Inhibition. International Journal of Genetic Modifications and Recombinations. 2024; 02(02):-. Available from: https://journals.stmjournals.com/ijgmr/article=2024/view=0

Full Text PDF

References
document.addEventListener(‘DOMContentLoaded’,function(){frmFrontForm.scrollToID(‘frm_container_ref_128815’);});Edit

  1. Mann S, Frasca K, Scherrer S, Henao-Martínez AF, Newman S, Ramanan P, et al. A review of leishmaniasis: Current knowledge and future directions. Curr Trop Med Rep. 2021;8(2):121–32. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40475-021-00232-7
  2. Mathison BA, Bradley BT. Review of the clinical presentation, pathology, diagnosis, and treatment of leishmaniasis. Lab Med. 2023;54(4):363–71. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/labmed/lmac134
  3. Reimão JQ, Coser EM, Lee MR, Coelho AC. Laboratory diagnosis of cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis: Current and future methods. Microorganisms.2020;8(11):1632. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8111632
  4. Reithinger R, Dujardin J-C, Louzir H, Pirmez C, Alexander B, Brooker S. Cutaneous leishmaniasis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2007;7(9):581–96. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(07)70209-8
  5. Amato VS, Tuon FF, Bacha HA, Neto VA, Nicodemo AC. Mucosal leishmaniasis. Acta Trop. 2008;105(1):1–9. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2007.08.003
  6. Costa CHN, Chang K-P, Costa DL, Cunha FVM. From infection to death: An overview of the pathogenesis of visceral leishmaniasis. Pathogens. 2023;12(7):969. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12070969
  7. Chauhan P, Shukla D, Chattopadhyay D, Saha B. Redundant and regulatory roles for Toll-like receptors inLeishmaniainfection. Clin Exp Immunol.2017;190(2):167–86. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cei.13014
  8. Nylén S, Sacks D. Interleukin-10 and the pathogenesis of human visceral leishmaniasis. Trends Immunol 2007;28(9):378–84. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.it.2007.07.004
  9. Freitas-Junior LH, Chatelain E, Kim HA, Siqueira-Neto JL. Visceral leishmaniasis treatment: What do we have, what do we need and how to deliver it? Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist. 2012;2:11–9. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpddr.2012.01.003
  10. Mazire P, Agarwal V, Roy A. Road‐map of pre‐clinical treatment for Visceral Leishmaniasis. Drug Dev Res. 2022;83(2):317–27. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ddr.21907
  11. Bharat P, Sagar R, Sulav R, Ankit P. Investigations of antioxidant and antibacterial activity of leaf extracts of Azadirachta indica. Afr J Biotechnol 2015;14(46):3159–63. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajb2015.14811
  12. Parvez MK, Tabish Rehman M, Alam P, Al-Dosari MS, Alqasoumi SI, Alajmi MF. Plant-derived antiviral drugs as novel hepatitis B virus inhibitors: Cell culture and molecular docking study. Saudi Pharm J 2019;27(3):389–400. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2018.12.008
  13. Olwenyi OA, Asingura B, Naluyima P, Anywar GU, Nalunga J, Nakabuye M, et al. In-vitro Immunomodulatory activity of Azadirachta indica A.Juss. Ethanol: water mixture against HIV associated chronic CD4+ T-cell activation/ exhaustion. BMC Complement Med Ther .2021;21(1). Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12906-021-03288-0
  14. Faccin-Galhardi LC, Ray S, Lopes N, Ali I, Espada SF, dos Santos JP, et al. Assessment of antiherpetic activity of nonsulfated and sulfated polysaccharides from Azadirachta indica. Int J Biol Macromol .2019;137:54–61. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.06.129
  15. Tiwari V, Darmani NA, Yue BYJT, Shukla D. In vitro antiviral activity of neem (Azardirachta indica L.) bark extract against herpes simplex virus type‐1 infection. Phytother Res .2010;24(8):1132–40. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.3085
  16. Chagas ACS, Vieira LS, Freitas AR, Araújo MRA, Araújo-Filho JA, Araguão WR, et al. Anthelmintic efficacy of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) and the homeopathic product Fator Vermes® in Morada Nova sheep. Vet Parasitol .2008;151(1):68–73. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.10.003
  17. Dayakar A, Chandrasekaran S, Veronica J, Sundar S, Maurya R. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of anti-leishmanial and immunomodulatory activity of Neem leaf extract in Leishmania donovani infection. Exp Parasitol .2015;153:45–54. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.exppara.2015.02.011
  18. Shrefller WG, Burns JM Jr, Badaró R, Ghalib HW, Button LL, McMaster WR, et al. Antibody responses of visceral leishmaniasis patients to gp63, a major surface glycoprotein ofLeishmaniaspecies. J Infect Dis .1993;167(2):426–30. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/167.2.426
  19. Laskowski RA, Jabłońska J, Pravda L, Vařeková RS, Thornton JM. PDBsum: Structural summaries of PDB entries. Protein Sci .2018;27(1):129–34. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pro.3289
  20. Mohanraj K, Karthikeyan BS, Vivek-Ananth RP, Chand RPB, Aparna SR, Mangalapandi P, et al. IMPPAT: A curated database of Indian Medicinal Plants, Phytochemistry And Therapeutics. Sci Rep .2018;8(1). Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-22631-z
  21. Daina A, Michielin O, Zoete V. SwissADME: a free web tool to evaluate pharmacokinetics, drug-likeness and medicinal chemistry friendliness of small molecules. Sci Rep 2017;7(1). Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep42717
  22. Nendza M, Müller M. Screening for low aquatic bioaccumulation (1): Lipinski’s ‘Rule of 5’ and molecular size. SAR QSAR Environ Res 2010;21(5–6):495–512. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1062936x.2010.502295
  23. Ready P. Epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis. Clin Epidemiol]. 2014;147. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/clep.s44267
  24. Chen X, Li H, Tian L, Li Q, Luo J, Zhang Y. Analysis of the physicochemical properties of acaricides based on lipinski’s rule of five. J Comput Biol 2020;27(9):1397–406. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/cmb.2019.0323
  25. Sharma S, Sharma A, Gupta U. Molecular docking studies on the anti-fungal activity of Allium sativum (garlic) against mucormycosis (black fungus) by BIOVIA Discovery studio visualizer 21.1.0.0. Research Square. 2021. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-888192/v1
  26. Abalaka, Oyewole, Kolawole. Antibacterial activities of Azadirachta Indica against some bacterial pathogens. Adv Life Sci 2012;2(2):5–8. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.5923/j.als.20120202.02
  27. Muhammad S, Fatima N. In silico analysis and molecular docking studies of potential angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor using quercetin glycosides. Pharmacogn Mag 2015;11(42):123. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0973-1296.157712
  28. Alves F, Bilbe G, Blesson S, Goyal V, Monnerat S, Mowbray C, et al. Recent development of visceral leishmaniasis treatments: Successes, pitfalls, and perspectives. Clin Microbiol Rev .2018;31(4). Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.00048-18
  29. Kumar R, Bhatia M, Pai K. Role of cytokines in the pathogenesis of visceral leishmaniasis. Clin Lab 2017;63(10/2017). Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.7754/clin.lab.2017.170404
  30. Loganathan T, Barathinivas A, Soorya C, Balamurugan S, Nagajothi TG, Ramya S, et al. Physicochemical, Druggable, ADMET Pharmacoinformatics and Therapeutic Potentials of Azadirachtin – a Prenol Lipid (Triterpenoid) from Seed Oil Extracts of Azadirachta indica A. Juss. J Drug Deliv Ther 2021;11(5):33–46. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v11i5.4981
  31. Tiwari N, Kumar A, Singh AK, Bajpai S, Agrahari AK, Kishore D, et al. Leishmaniasis control: limitations of current drugs and prospects of natural products. In: Discovery and Development of Therapeutics from Natural Products Against Neglected Tropical Diseases. Elsevier; 2019. p. 293–350
  32. Wijnant GJ, Dumetz F, Dirkx L, Bulté D, Cuypers B, Van Bocxlaer K, Hendrickx S. Tackling drug resistance and other causes of treatment failure in leishmaniasis. Frontiers in Tropical Diseases. 2022 May 12;3:837460.
  33. Tiwari N, Gedda MR, Tiwari VK, Singh SP, Singh RK. Limitations of current therapeutic options, possible drug targets and scope of natural products in control of leishmaniasis. Mini Rev Med Chem 2017;18(1). Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389557517666170425105129
  34. Faccin-Galhardi LC, Aimi Yamamoto K, Ray S, Ray B, Carvalho Linhares RE, Nozawa C. The in vitro antiviral property of Azadirachta indica polysaccharides for poliovirus. J Ethnopharmacol 2012;142(1):86–90. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2012.04.018
  35. Pramanik A, Paik D, Pramanik PK, Chakraborti T. Serine protease inhibitors rich Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt leaf extract induces protective immune responses in murine visceral leishmaniasis. Biomed Pharmacother 2019;111:224–35. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2018.12.053

Regular Issue Subscription Original Research
Volume 02
Issue 02
Received 15/05/2024
Accepted 08/11/2024
Published 24/12/2024