Amit Medhavi,
Utkarsh Kumar Sharma,
Daya Shanker,
- Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KNIT Sultanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Research Scholar, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KNIT Sultanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Associate Professor, Department of Physics, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
Abstract
This article underscores the increasing popularity of hydrogel lubricants in the biomedical domain and
presents a comprehensive exploration of their potential as substitutes for cartilage. This understanding
forms the foundation for the development of hydrogel-based lubricants that are designed to emulate
these natural functionalities. Providing detailed insights, this article navigates through cutting-edge
bio-inspired architecture techniques tailored to create hydrogels for cartilage. The emphasis is on
achieving superior strength through diverse network architectures, substantiated by case studies and
experimental results. To address tribological properties, novel surface modification techniques have
been introduced to augment the strength of hydrogel lubricants, thereby enhancing their performance
in biomedical applications. Practical applications of synthetic joint materials and natural bone tissues
are discussed, offering a tangible perspective, further detailing the application of hydrogels to surfaces,
and exploring methods for their incorporation into synthetic joint materials or natural bone tissues. A
comprehensive overview of the techniques and considerations is presented, focusing on the effective
applications across various biomedical settings. Reviewing the current challenges from diverse
viewpoints, this article outlines potential research directions for hydrogel lubricants inspired by
cartilage. Insightful guidance is provided to guide future studies on the development of novel materials
for biomechanics and technology. In conclusion, this study emphasizes the pivotal role of hydrogel
lubricants in biomedical applications. It underscores the ongoing need for exploration and innovation,
drawing inspiration from the remarkable properties of natural articular cartilage to propel
advancements in this evolving field. For instance, during the mixing or gelation process of hydrogel
precursors, fluid flow can influence factors such as the distribution of crosslinking agents,
polymerization kinetics, and overall homogeneity of the hydrogel structure. Achieving a controlled and
uniform structure within the hydrogel is crucial for optimizing its mechanical properties, including its
strength. In summary, the Reynolds number may be more relevant in the processing steps affecting
hydrogel formation rather than directly analyzing the internal structure of the hydrogel itself.
Techniques such as microscopy and spectroscopy are often employed for detailed structural analysis
of hydrogels. Fluid dynamics plays a role in the analysis of the hydrogel structure by influencing the
processing conditions during hydrogel formation. Fluid dynamics can impact the structural analysis of
hydrogels in several ways
Keywords: Hydrogels, Cartilages, Bones of human body, Tribological Properties, Lubricants of human bone movement
[This article belongs to Research & Reviews : Journal of Physics ]
Amit Medhavi, Utkarsh Kumar Sharma, Daya Shanker. Review Article on Biomedical Lubricant Hydrogels as Cartilage Substitutes. Research & Reviews : Journal of Physics. 2024; 13(01):35-48.
Amit Medhavi, Utkarsh Kumar Sharma, Daya Shanker. Review Article on Biomedical Lubricant Hydrogels as Cartilage Substitutes. Research & Reviews : Journal of Physics. 2024; 13(01):35-48. Available from: https://journals.stmjournals.com/rrjophy/article=2024/view=170438
References
1. McCutchen CW. The frictional properties of animal joints. Wear. 1962 Jan 1;5(1):1-7. 2. McCutchen CW. Lubrication of joints. The joints and synovial fluid. 1978;10:437. 3. Jahn S, Seror J, Klein J. Lubrication of articular cartilage. Annual review of biomedical engineering. 2016 Jul 11;18(1):235-58. 4. Naumann A, Dennis JE, Awadallah A, Carrino DA, Mansour JM, Kastenbauer E, Caplan AI. Immunochemical and mechanical characterization of cartilage subtypes in rabbit. Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry. 2002 Aug;50(8):1049-58. 5. Lin W, Klein J. Recent progress in cartilage lubrication. Advanced Materials. 2021 May;33(18):2005513. 6. Krasnokutsky S, Attur M, Palmer G, Samuels J, Abramson SB. Current concepts in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage. 2008 Oct 1;16:S1-3. 7. Spector TD, Hart DJ, Doyle DV. Incidence and progression of osteoarthritis in women with unilateral knee disease in the general population: the effect of obesity. Annals of the rheumatic diseases. 1994 Sep 1;53(9):565-8. 8. Hasegawa A, Otsuki S, Pauli C, Miyaki S, Patil S, Steklov N, Kinoshita M, Koziol J, D’Lima DD, Lotz MK. Anterior cruciate ligament changes in the human knee joint in aging and osteoarthritis. Arthritis & Rheumatism. 2012 Mar;64(3):696-704. 9. Appleton CT. Osteoarthritis year in review 2017: biology. Osteoarthritis and cartilage. 2018 Mar 1;26(3):296-303. 10. Baltzer AW, Arnold JP. Bone-cartilage transplantation from the ipsilateral knee for chondral lesions of the talus. Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery. 2005 Feb 1;21(2): 159-66. 11. Han CW, Chu CR, Adachi N, Usas A, Fu FH, Huard J, Pan Y. Analysis of rabbit articular cartilage repair after chondrocyte implantation using optical coherence tomography. Osteoarthritis and cartilage. 2003 Feb 1;11(2):111-21. 12. Zaidi HA, Montoure AJ, Dickman CA. Surgical and clinical efficacy of sacroiliac joint fusion: a systematic review of the literature. Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine. 2015 Jul 1;23(1):59-66. 13. Brittberg M, Lindahl A, Nilsson A, Ohlsson C, Isaksson O, Peterson L. Treatment of deep cartilage defects in the knee with autologous chondrocyte transplantation. New england journal of medicine. 1994 Oct 6;331(14):889-95. 14. Marlovits S, Zeller P, Singer P, Resinger C, Vécsei V. Cartilage repair: generations of autologous chondrocyte transplantation. European journal of radiology. 2006 Jan 1;57(1):24-31. 15. Matricali GA, Dereymaeker GP, LUytEn FP. Donor site morbidity after articular cartilage repair procedures: a review. Acta orthopaedica Belgica. 2010 Oct 1;76(5):669 16. Paul J, Sagstetter A, Kriner M, Imhoff AB, Spang J, Hinterwimmer S. Donor-site morbidity after osteochondral autologous transplantation for lesions of the talus. JBJS. 2009 Jul 1;91(7):1683-8. 17. ao L, owson , Hewson Predictive wear modeling of the articulating metal‐on‐metal hip replacements. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials. 2017 Apr;105(3):497-506. 18. Zhang TF, Deng QY, Liu B, Wu BJ, Jing FJ, Leng YX, Huang N. Wear and corrosion properties of diamond like carbon (DLC) coating on stainless steel, CoCrMo and Ti6Al4V substrates. Surface and Coatings Technology. 2015 Jul 15;273:12-9. 19. Ohgushi H, Kotobuki N, Funaoka H, Machida H, Hirose M, Tanaka Y, Takakura Y. Tissue engineered ceramic artificial joint—ex vivo osteogenic differentiation of patient mesenchymal cells on total ankle joints for treatment of osteoarthritis. Biomaterials. 2005 Aug 1;26(22):4654-61. 20. Ge S, Kang X, Zhao Y. One-year biodegradation study of UHMWPE as artificial joint materials: Variation of chemical structure and effect on friction and wear behavior. Wear. 2011 Jul 29;271(9- 10):2354-63. 21. Dangsheng X. Friction and wear properties of UHMWPE composites reinforced with carbon fiber. Materials letters. 2005 Feb 1;59(2-3):175-9. 22. Scholes SC, Unsworth A. Wear studies on the likely performance of CFR-PEEK/CoCrMo for use as artificial joint bearing materials. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine. 2009 Jan;20(1):163-70. 23. Wooley PH, Schwarz EM. Aseptic loosening. Gene therapy. 2004 Feb;11(4):402-7. 24. Sethi RK, Neavyn MJ, Rubash HE, Shanbhag AS. Macrophage response to cross-linked and conventional UHMWPE. Biomaterials. 2003 Jul 1;24(15):2561-73. 25. Mow VC, Ratcliffe A, Poole AR. Cartilage and diarthrodial joints as paradigms for hierarchical materials and structures. Biomaterials. 1992 Jan 1;13(2):67-97. 26. Mow VC, Kuei SC, Lai WM, Armstrong CG. Biphasic creep and stress relaxation of articular cartilage in compression: theory and experiments. J Biomech Eng. 1980 Feb;102(1):73–84. doi: 10.1115/1.3138202. PMID: 7382457. 27. Sharma S, Tiwari S. A review on biomacromolecular hydrogel classification and its applications. International journal of biological macromolecules. 2020 Jun 15;162:737-47. 28. Ahmed EM. Hydrogel: Preparation, characterization, and applications: A review. Journal of advanced research. 2015 Mar 1;6(2):105-21. 29. Cascone S, Lamberti G. Hydrogel-based commercial products for biomedical applications: A review. International journal of pharmaceutics. 2020 Jan 5;573:118803. 30. Yue S, He H, Li B, Hou T. Hydrogel as a biomaterial for bone tissue engineering: A review. Nanomaterials. 2020 Jul 31;10(8):1511. 31. Yang CH, Wang MX, Haider H, Yang JH, Sun JY, Chen YM, Zhou J, Suo Z. Strengthening alginate/polyacrylamide hydrogels using various multivalent cations. ACS applied materials & interfaces. 2013 Nov 13;5(21):10418-22. 32. Gong Z, Zhang G, Zeng X, Li J, Li G, Huang W, Sun R, Wong C. High-strength, tough, fatigue resistant, and self-healing hydrogel based on dual physically cross-linked network. ACS applied materials & interfaces. 2016 Sep 14;8(36):24030-7. 33. Tian F, Conde J, Bao C, Chen Y, Curtin J, Cui D. Gold nanostars for efficient in vitro and in vivo real-time SERS detection and drug delivery via plasmonic-tunable Raman/FTIR imaging. Biomaterials. 2016 Nov 1;106:87-97. 34. Ji D, Kim J. Recent strategies for strengthening and stiffening tough hydrogels. Advanced NanoBiomed Research. 2021 Aug;1(8):2100026. 35. Dai X, Zhang Y, Gao L, Bai T, Wang W, Cui Y, Liu W. A Mechanically Strong, Highly Stable, Thermoplastic, and self‐healable supramolecular polymer hydrogel dvanced aterials 2 15 Jun;27(23):3566-71. 36. Peak CW, Wilker JJ, Schmidt G. A review on tough and sticky hydrogels. Colloid and Polymer Science. 2013 Sep;291:2031-47. 37. Sophia Fox AJ, Bedi A, Rodeo SA. The basic science of articular cartilage: structure, composition, and function. Sports health. 2009 Nov;1(6):461-8. 38. Mow VC, Gu WY, Chen FH. Structure and function of articular cartilage and meniscus. Basic orthopaedic biomechanics and mechano-biology. 2005;181:258. 39. Moeinzadeh S, Shariati SR, Jabbari E. Comparative effect of physicomechanical and biomolecular cues on zone-specific chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. Biomaterials. 2016 Jun 1;92:57-70. 40. Bowker RM, Van Wulfen KK, Springer SE, Linder KE. Functional anatomy of the cartilage of the distal phalanx and digital cushion in the equine foot and a hemodynamic flow hypothesis of energy dissipation. American journal of veterinary research. 1998 Aug 1;59(8):961-8. 41. Walker PS, Erkiuan MJ. The role of the menisci in force transmission across the knee. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research®. 1975 Jun 1;109:184-92. 42. Schmidt TA, Sah RL. Effect of synovial fluid on boundary lubrication of articular cartilage. OsteoArthritis and cartilage. 2007 Jan 1;15(1):35-47. 43. Caligaris M, Ateshian GA. Effects of sustained interstitial fluid pressurization under migrating contact area, and boundary lubrication by synovial fluid, on cartilage friction. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage. 2008 Oct 1;16(10):1220-7. 44. Zappone B, Ruths M, Greene GW, Jay GD, Israelachvili JN. Adsorption, lubrication, and wear of lubricin on model surfaces: polymer brush-like behavior of a glycoprotein. Biophysical journal. 2007 Mar 1;92(5):1693-708. 45. Klein J, Kumacheva E, Mahalu D, Perahia D, Fetters LJ. Reduction of frictional forces between solid surfaces bearing polymer brushes. Nature. 1994 Aug 25;370(6491):634-6. 46. Kreer T. Polymer-brush lubrication: a review of recent theoretical advances. Soft Matter. 2016;12(15):3479-501. 47. Sun Z, Bonassar LJ, Putnam D. Influence of block length on articular cartilage lubrication with a diblock bottle-brush copolymer. ACS applied materials & interfaces. 2019 Dec 6;12(1):330-7. 48. Xie R, Yao H, Mao AS, Zhu Y, Qi D, Jia Y, Gao M, Chen Y, Wang L, Wang DA, Wang K. Biomimetic cartilage-lubricating polymers regenerate cartilage in rats with early osteoarthritis. Nature Biomedical Engineering. 2021 Oct;5(10):1189-201. 49. Kobayashi M, Terayama Y, Hosaka N, Kaido M, Suzuki A, Yamada N, Torikai N, Ishihara K, Takahara A. Friction behavior of high-density poly (2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine) brush in aqueous media. Soft Matter. 2007;3(6):740-6. 50. Xiong D, Deng Y, Wang N, Yang Y. Influence of surface PMPC brushes on tribological and biocompatibility properties of UHMWPE. Applied surface science. 2014 Apr 15;298:56-61. 51. Lakin BA, Cooper BG, Zakaria L, Grasso DJ, Wathier M, Bendele AM, Freedman JD, Snyder BD, Grinstaff MW. A synthetic bottle-brush polyelectrolyte reduces friction and wear of intact and previously worn cartilage. ACS biomaterials science & engineering. 2019 May 17;5(6):3060-7. 52. ėdinaitė Biomimetic lubrication oft atter 2 12;8 2 :2 3-84. 53. Klein J. Repair or replacement–a joint perspective. Science. 2009 Jan 2;323(5910):47-8. 54. Hori, Y.: Foundations of Hydrodynamic Lubrication. Springer (2006) 55. MacConaill MA. The function of intra-articular fibrocartilages, with special reference to the knee and inferior radio-ulnar joints. Journal of anatomy. 1932 Jan;66(Pt 2):210. 56. Jones ES. Joint lubrication. Lancet. 1934;223:1426–1427. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)56557-X 57. Fein RS. Research report 3: are synovial joints squeeze-film lubricated?. InProceedings of the institution of mechanical engineers, conference proceedings 1966 Jun (Vol. 181, No. 10, pp. 125- 128). Sage UK: London, England: SAGE Publications. 58. Mansour JM, Mow VC. On the natural lubrication of synovial joints: normal and degenerate. J Lubr Technol. 1977;99(2):163–172. doi: 10.1115/1.3453003. 59. Wymer DG, Cameron A. Elastohydrodynamic lubrication of a line contact. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. 1974 Jun;188(1):221-38. 60. Dowson D. Elastohydrodynamic and micro-elastohydrodynamic lubrication. Wear. 1995 Dec 1;190(2):125-38. 61. Lugt PM, Morales-Espejel GE. A review of elasto-hydrodynamic lubrication theory. Tribology transactions. 2011 Mar 31;54(3):470-96. 62. Hamrock BJ, Dowson D. Isothermal elastohydrodynamic lubrication of point contacts: Part III— fully flooded results. J Lubr Technol. 1977;99:264–275. doi: 10.1115/1.3453074. 63. Hills BA. Boundary lubrication in vivo. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine. 2000 Jan 1;214(1):83-94. 64. Scott A, Cook JL, Hart DA, Walker DC, Duronio V, Khan KM. Tenocyte responses to mechanical loading in vivo: a role for local insulin‐li e growth factor 1 signaling in early tendinosis in rats Arthritis & rheumatism. 2007 Mar;56(3):871-81. 65. Murakami T, Yarimitsu S, Sakai N, Nakashima K, Yamaguchi T, Sawae Y. Importance of adaptive multimode lubrication mechanism in natural synovial joints. Tribology International. 2017 Sep 1;113:306-15. 66. Gong J, Osada Y. Gel friction: a model based on surface repulsion and adsorption. The Journal of chemical physics. 1998 Nov 8;109(18):8062-8. 67. Gong JP. Friction and lubrication of hydrogels—its richness and complexity. Soft matter. 2006;2(7):544-52. 68. Freeman ME, Furey MJ, Love BJ, Hampton JM. Friction, wear, and lubrication of hydrogels as synthetic articular cartilage. Wear. 2000 Jul 31;241(2):129-35. 69. Nonoyama T, Gong JP. Double-network hydrogel and its potential biomedical application: A review. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine. 2015 Dec;229(12):853-63. 70. Nonoyama T, Gong JP. Tough double network hydrogel and its biomedical applications. Annual review of chemical and biomolecular engineering. 2021 Jun 7;12(1):393-410. 71. ong JP, atsuyama Y, uro awa T, sada Y ouble‐networ hydrogels with e tremely high mechanical strength. Advanced materials. 2003 Jul 17;15(14):1155-8. 72. Arakaki K, Kitamura N, Fujiki H, Kurokawa T, Iwamoto M, Ueno M, Kanaya F, Osada Y, Gong JP, Yasuda rtificial cartilage made from a novel double‐networ hydrogel: n vivo effects on the normal cartilage and ex vivo evaluation of the friction property. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A: An Official Journal of The Society for Biomaterials, The Japanese Society for Biomaterials, and The Australian Society for Biomaterials and the Korean Society for Biomaterials. 2010 Jun 1;93(3):1160-8 73. Nakajima T, Sato H, Zhao Y, Kawahara S, Kurokawa T, Sugahara K, Gong JP. A universal molecular stent method to toughen any hydrogels based on double network concept. Advanced functional materials. 2012 Nov 7;22(21):4426-32. 74. Zhao Y, Nakajima T, Yang JJ, Kurokawa T, Liu J, Lu J, Mizumoto S, Sugahara K, Kitamura N, Yasuda K, Daniels AU. Proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans improve toughness of biocompatible double network hydrogels. Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.). 2013 Oct 22;26(3):436-42. 75. Higa K, Kitamura N, Goto K, Kurokawa T, Gong JP, Kanaya F, Yasuda K. Effects of osteochondral defect size on cartilage regeneration using a double-network hydrogel. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2017 Dec;18:1-9. 76. Yasuda K, Kitamura N, Gong JP, Arakaki K, Kwon HJ, Onodera S, Chen YM, Kurokawa T, anaya , hmiya Y, sada Y novel double‐networ hydrogel induces spontaneous articular cartilage regeneration in vivo in a large osteochondral defect. Macromolecular bioscience. 2009 Apr 8;9(4):307-16. 77. Bodugoz-Senturk H, Macias CE, Kung JH, Muratoglu OK. Poly (vinyl alcohol)–acrylamide hydrogels as load-bearing cartilage substitute. Biomaterials. 2009 Feb 1;30(4):589-96. 78. Li H, Wang H, Zhang D, Xu Z, Liu W. A highly tough and stiff supramolecular polymer double network hydrogel. Polymer. 2018 Sep 26;153:193-200. 79. Bi S, Pang J, Huang L, Sun M, Cheng X, Chen X. The toughness chitosan-PVA double network hydrogel based on alkali solution system and hydrogen bonding for tissue engineering applications. International journal of biological macromolecules. 2020 Mar 1;146:99-109. 80. Liu S, Oderinde O, Hussain I, Yao F, Fu G. Dual ionic cross-linked double network hydrogel with self-healing, conductive, and force sensitive properties. Polymer. 2018 May 23;144:111-20. 81. Wang J, Wei J, Su S, Qiu J, Wang S. Ion-linked double-network hydrogel with high toughness and stiffness. Journal of Materials Science. 2015 Aug;50:5458-65. 82. Yang F, Zhao J, Koshut WJ, Watt J, Riboh JC, Gall K, Wiley BJ. A synthetic hydrogel composite with the mechanical behavior and durability of cartilage. Advanced Functional Materials. 2020 Sep;30(36):2003451. 83. Wang K, Ma Q, Zhang YM, Han GT, Qu CX, Wang SD. Preparation of bacterial cellulose/silk fibroin double-network hydrogel with high mechanical strength and biocompatibility for artificial cartilage. Cellulose. 2020 Mar;27:1845-52. 84. Chen Q, Chen H, Zhu L, Zheng J. Fundamentals of double network hydrogels. Journal of Materials Chemistry B. 2015;3(18):3654-76. 85. Sun TL, Kurokawa T, Kuroda S, Ihsan AB, Akasaki T, Sato K, Haque MA, Nakajima T, Gong JP. Physical hydrogels composed of polyampholytes demonstrate high toughness and viscoelasticity. Nature materials. 2013 Oct;12(10):932-7. 86. Lin P, a , ang X, Zhou olecularly engineered dual‐crosslin ed hydrogel with ultrahigh mechanical strength, toughness, and good self‐recovery dvanced aterials 2 15 Mar;27(12):2054-9. 87. Gao L, Zhao X, Ma S, Ma Z, Cai M, Liang YM, Zhou F. Constructing a biomimetic robust bilayered hydrophilic lubrication coating on surface of silicone elastomer. Friction. 2022 Jul;10(7):1046-60. 88. Cao J, Li J, Chen Y, Zhang L, Zhou J. Dual physical crosslinking strategy to construct moldable hydrogels with ultrahigh strength and toughness. Advanced Functional Materials. 2018 Jun;28(23):1800739. 89. Liang Y, Ye L, Sun X, Lv Q, Liang H. Tough and stretchable dual ionically cross-linked hydrogel with high conductivity and fast recovery property for high-performance flexible sensors. ACS applied materials & interfaces. 2019 Dec 3;12(1):1577-87. 90. Jiang P, Lin P, Yang C, Qin H, Wang X, Zhou F. 3D printing of dual-physical cross-linking hydrogel with ultrahigh strength and toughness. Chemistry of Materials. 2020 Nov 30;32(23): 9983-95.
| Volume | 13 |
| Issue | 01 |
| Received | 05/06/2024 |
| Accepted | 21/06/2024 |
| Published | 25/07/2024 |
Login
PlumX Metrics