Rauwolfia serpentina: A Comprehensive Phytochemical Study of its Bioactive Metabolites

Year : 2024 | Volume : | : | Page : –
By

Mukesh Chander,

  1. Assistant Professor P. G Department of Biotechnology, Bioprocess Laboratory, Khalsa College (Autonomous), Amritsar Punjab India

Abstract

Rauwolfia serpentina is an important medicinal plant used in Ayurveda, unani, and folk medicine system of medicine. This plant grew as a bush in company of other plants as an evergreen structure. It has been commonly known as “Sarpaghanda” is the common name of Rauwolfia serpentina known to Ayurvedic and Unani medicine system. It is safe and effective for the treatment of snakebites and various types of disease like malaria, breast cancer, prostate cancer, high blood pressure, insomnia, epilepsy, and traumas. Its therapeutic properties are associated with the presence of various phytochemical compounds such as alkaloids, phenols/polyphenols, saponins, tannins, yohimbine and reserpine. Additionally, these bioactive molecules possess the remarkable hypoglycaemic, anti-diarrheal, anti-bacterial, and anxiolytic properties. R. serpentina known as the Indian snakeroot in ayuvedic system of medicine. It has been used as a very important distinctive medicinal shrub since long time. The different parts of R. serpentina have bioactive phytochemicals beneficial in controlling human disease like insomnia, insanity, anxiety, sleeplessness, high blood pressure and various other cardiovascular disease affecting human beings. However, the concentration of different phytochemicals varies in root, stem, bark, berry and leaves of R. serpentina. It may prove to be “all in one” cure for various human ailments. It has now been cultivated throughout the India and has a has wide application in the traditional system of homeopathic medicine also for curing human diseases. It is available as powder, tablet, capsule and liquid syrups and alcoholic dilutions in various herbal formulations available in the market belonging to this plant.

Keywords: Alkaloids, Anti-diarrheal, Anti-bacterial Anxiolytic, Anti-hypertensive activity, Rauwolfia serpentina

How to cite this article: Mukesh Chander. Rauwolfia serpentina: A Comprehensive Phytochemical Study of its Bioactive Metabolites. Emerging Trends in Metabolites. 2024; ():-.
How to cite this URL: Mukesh Chander. Rauwolfia serpentina: A Comprehensive Phytochemical Study of its Bioactive Metabolites. Emerging Trends in Metabolites. 2024; ():-. Available from: https://journals.stmjournals.com/etm/article=2024/view=170249

References

  1. Pandey MM, Rastogi S, Rawat AK. Indian traditional ayurvedic system of medicine and nutritional supplementation. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2013;2013:1-12.
  2. Saha S, Urolagin D, Kumar J, Harish N. Rauwolfia serpentina: A comprehensive review of its pharmacological, phytochemical and therapeutic properties. J Emerging Tech Innov Res. 2024;11(2)
  3. Mukheriee PK, Wahile A. Integrated approaches towards drug development from Ayurveda and other Indian system of medicines. J Ethnopharmacol. 2006;103(1):25-35.
  4. Ali WB, Shireen E, Masroor M, Kiran S, Memon N, Junaid N, et al. Oral administration of Rauwolfia serpentina plant extract mitigated immobilization stress-induced behavioral and biochemical deficits in rats. Biol Life Sci Forum. 2022;12:32. doi:10.3390/IECN2022-12393.
  5. Jain D, Jain M, Jain A. Quantitative study of total phenolic and alkaloid content in hydroalcoholic content in Rauwolfia serpentina. Plant Arch. 2020;21(1):1735-8.
  6. Lobay D. Rauwolfia in the treatment of hypertension. Integr Med Clin J. 2015;14(3):40-6.
  7. Brijesh KS. Rauwolfia: cultivation and collection. Biotech Articles [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2024 Sep 2]. Available from: https://biotecharticles.com/Agriculture-Article/Rauwolfia-Cultivation-and-Collection-892.
  8. Kiran K, Priya AJ, Devi RG. Medicinal and therapeutic uses of Rauwolfia serpentina-Indian snakeroot. Drug Invent Today. 2018;10:2674-8.
  9. Benjamin BD, Roja G, Heble MR. Agrobacterium rhizogens mediated transformation of Rauwolfia serpentina: Regeneration and alkaloid synthesis. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult. 1993;35(3):253-7.
  10. Ajayi IA, Ajibade O, Oderinde RA. Preliminary phytochemical analysis of some plant seeds. Res J Chem Sci. 2011;1(3):58-62.
  11. Ministry of Health & Family Welfare Regional Research Laboratory Journal of Indian Medical Association. ecoplanet.in/herbs and plants/ Rauvolfia serpentina.htm. 1942;11(9):262.
  12. Poonam AS, Mishra S. Physiological, biochemical and modern biotechnological approach to improvement of Rauwolfia serpentina. J Pharma Biol Sci. 2013;6(2):73-8.
  13. Meena AK, Bansal P, Kumar S. Plants-herbal wealth as a potential source of ayurvedic drugs. Asian J Trad Med. 2009;4(4):152-70.
  14. Rajendran SM, Agarwal SC. Medicinal plants conservation through sacred forests by ethnic tribals of Virudhunagar district, Tamil Nadu. Indian J Tradit Knowl. 2007;6(2):328-33. Available from: http://nopr.niscpr.res.in/handle/123456789/935
  15. Pandey G, editor. Dravyaguna Vijnana. Varanasi: Chowkhamba Krishnadas Academy; 2004. Vol. 3.
  16. Singh R, Singh A, Rath S, et al. A review on sarpagandha-Whole herb v/s reserpine–Its alkaloid in the management of hypertension. Int Ayur Med J. 2015;3:565-9.
  17. Agoha RC, editor. Medicinal plants of Nigeria. The Netherlands: Offset Arakkenji, Faculfcider Wiskunde; 1974.
  18. Okwu DE. Phytochemical and vitamin content of indigenous spices of South Eastern Nigeria. J Sustain Agric Environ. 2004;6:30-44.
  19. Khan N, Jamila N, Amin F, et al. Quantification of macro, micro and trace elements, and antimicrobial activity of medicinal herbs and their products. Arabian J Chem. 2021;14(4):103055.
  20. Okwu DE, Okwu ME. Chemical composition of Spondias mombin Linn plant parts. J Sustain Agric Environ. 2004;6(2):140-7.
  21. Pandey V, Cherian E, Patani G. Effect of growth regulators and culture conditions on direct root induction of Rauwolfia serpentina L.(Apocynaceae) Benth by leaf explants. Trop J Pharm Res. 2010;9(1). doi:10.4314/tjpr.v9i1.52031.
  22. Srivastava A, Tripathi AK, Pandey R, et al. Quantitative determination of reserpine, ajmaline, and ajmalicine in Rauvolfia serpentina by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr Sci. 2006;44(9):557-60.
  23. Goel MK, Mehrotra S, Kukreja AK, et al. In vitro propagation of Rauwolfia serpentina using liquid medium, assessment of genetic fidelity of micropropagated plants, and simultaneous quantitation of reserpine, ajmaline, and ajmalicine. In: Protocols for In Vitro Cultures and Secondary Metabolite Analysis of Aromatic and Medicinal Plants. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press; 2009. p. 17-33.
  24. O’Connor SE, Maresh JJ. Chemistry and biology of monoterpene indole alkaloid biosynthesis. Nat Prod Rep. 2006; 23(4):532-47.
  25. Gawade BV, Fegade SA. Rauwolfia (reserpine) as a potential antihypertensive agent: A review. Int J Pharm Phytopharm Res. 2012;2(1):46-9.
  26. von Poser G, Andrade HH, da Silva KV, et al. Genotoxic, mutagenic and recombinogenic effects of Rauwolfia alkaloids. Mutat Res Fundam Mol Mech Mutagen. 1990;232(1):37-43.
  27. Klyushnichenko VE, Yakimov SA, Tuzova TP. Determination of indole alkaloids from R. serpentina and R. vomitoria by high-performance liquid chromatography and high-performance thin-layer chromatography. J Chromatogr. 1995;704(2):357-62.
  28. Schlittler E, Saner H, Müller JM. Reserpinin, einneues Alkaloid of Rauwolfia serpentine. Benth. Experientia. 1954;10(3):133-4.
  29. Howes LG, Louis WJ. Rauwolfia alkaloids (reserpine). In: Pharmacology of Antihypertensive Therapeutics. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 1990. p. 263-85
  30. Weiss RF, Fintelmann V. Herbal medicine. 2nd ed. Stuttgart: Thieme; 2000. p. 229-30, 387-416.
  31. Pullaiah J. Medicinal plants in India. New Delhi: Regency Publ; 2002. Vol. 2. p. 441-3.
  32. Meenakshi B, Priyanka M. A novel protocol for micropropagation of Rauwolfia serpentina: in low concentration of growth regulators with sucrose and phenolic acid. Int J Plant Sci. 2010;5(1):93-7
  33. Ellenhorn MJ, Barceloux DG. Medical Toxicology. New York: Elsevier Science Publishing Company; 1988. p. 644-59.
  34. Nammi S, Boini KM, Koppula S, et al. Reserpine-induced central effects: pharmacological evidence for the lack of central effects of reserpine methiodide. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2005;83(6):509-15.
  35. Prusoff WH. Effect of reserpine on the 5‐hydroxytryptamine and adenosine triphosphate of the dog intestinal mucosa. Br J Pharmacol Chemother. 1961;17(1):87-91.
  36. Siddiqui S, Salman A, Samman IS, et al. Exolation and structure of a new alkaloid from the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina Benth. Heterocycles. 1985; 23(3):617-22.
  37. COMSATS newsletter: Biographies of eminent scientists: Dr Salimuzzaman Siddiqui, COMSATS Secretariat, Islamabad–Pakistan. 2013;5(3)
  38. Rolf S, Bruns HJ, Wichter T, et al. The ajmaline challenge in Brugada syndrome: diagnostic impact, safety, and recommended protocol. Eur Heart J. 2003; 24(12):1104-12.
  39. Kostin YV, Melokhova EI, Gendenshtein EI, et al. Antiarrhythmic activity of the total alkaloids from a Rauwolfia serpentina tissue culture. Pharm Chem J. 1986;
  40. Klohs MW, Draper MD, Keller F. Alkaloids of Rauwolfia serpentina III. Rescinnamine, a new hypotensive and sedative principle. J Am Chem Soc. 1954;76(10):2843-2843.
  41. Varchi G, Battaglia A, Samorì C, Baldelli E, Danieli B, Fontana G, Guerrini A, Bombardelli E. Synthesis of deserpidine from reserpine. J Nat Prod. 2005;68(11):1629-1631.
  42. Morales A. Yohimbine in erectile dysfunction: the facts. Int J Impot Res. 2000;12(1)
  43. Goldberg MR, Robertson D. Yohimbine: a pharmacological probe for study of the alpha 2-adrenoreceptor. Pharmacol Rev. 1983;35(3):143-180.
  44. Rosengren AH, Jokubka R, Tojjar D, Granhall C, Hansson O, Li DQ, et al. Overexpression of alpha-2A-adrenergic receptors contributes to type 2 diabetes. 2010;327(5962):217-220.
  45. Pastrana-Bonilla E, Akoh CC, Sellappan S, Krewer G. Phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of muscadine grapes. J Agric Food Chem. 2003;51(18):5497-5503.
  46. Nair VD, Panneerselvam R, Gopi R. Elicitation of pharmacologically active phenolic compounds from Rauvolfia serpentina Ex. Kurtz. Ind Crops Prod. 2013;45:406-415.
  47. Singh R, Sawhney SK, editors. Advances in frontier areas of plant biochemistry. New Delhi: Prentice-Hall of India Private Limited; 1988.
  48. Azmi MB, Qureshi SA. Methanolic root extract of Rauwolfia serpentina Benth improves the glycemic, antiatherogenic, and cardioprotective indices in alloxan-induced diabetic mice. Adv Pharmacol Sci. 2012; 2012:18.
  49. Qureshi SA, Udani SK. Hypolipidaemic activity of Rauwolfia serpentina Pak J Nutr. 2009;8(7):1103-1106.
  50. Ihekoronye AI, Ngoddy PO, editors. Integrated food science and technology for the tropics. London: Macmillan Education; 1985.
  51. Agoha RC. Medicinal plants of Nigeria. Univ Nigeria Coll Med Pharm Lagos, Nigeria. 1974; 17.
  52. Harisaranraj R, Suresh K, Saravanababu S, Bhaskar D. Phytochemical-based strategies for pathogen control and antioxidant capacities of Rauwolfia serpentina Recent Res Sci Tech. 2009;1(2):28.
  53. Salah N, Miller NJ, Paganga G, Tijburg L, Bolwell GP, Rice-Evans C. Polyphenolic flavanols as scavengers of aqueous phase radicals and as chain-breaking antioxidants. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1995;322(2):339-346
  54. Benavente-García O, Castillo J, Marin FR, Ortuño A, Del Río JA. Uses and properties of citrus flavonoids. J Agric Food Chem. 1997; 45(12):4505-4515.
  55. Okwu DE. Phytochemical and vitamin content of indigenous spices of South Eastern Nigeria. J Sustain Agric Environ. 2004; 6:30-34.
  56. Mittal DB, Meenakshi D, Sharma DA, Kumar A, Saini RV. Phytochemical & pharmacological activity of Rauwolfia serpentina – A review. Int J Ayur Herbal Med. 2012; 2(03):19.
  57. Sodipo OA, Akinniyi JA, Ogunbameru JV. Studies on certain characteristics of extracts of bark of Pausinystalia johimbe and Pausinystalia macroceras (K Schum) Pierre ex Beille. Glob J Pure Appl Sci. 2000; 6(1):83-88.
  58. Basu N, Rastogi RP. Triterpenoid saponins and sapogenins. 1967;6(9):1249-1270.
  59. Li S, Long J, Ma Z, Xu Z, Wang X, Qin J, et al. Assessment of the therapeutic activity of a combination of almitrine and raubasine on functional rehabilitation following ischaemic stroke. Curr Med Res Opin. 2004;20(3):409-415.
  60. Liu W, Chen R, Chen M, Chen H, Li M, Wang X, et al. Tryptophan decarboxylase plays an important role in ajmalicine biosynthesis in Rauvolfia verticillata. 2012;236(1):239-250.
  61. Kumar SA, Sankaranarayanan S, Bama P, Vijayalakshmi K, Murugesan R, Murali A, et al. An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by local people and tribals in Topslip (Annamalai hills) and Ooty (Chinchona village) of Coimbatore and Ooty district. Int J Curr Res. 2018;10(5):69304-69308.
  62. Kumar VH, Shashidhara S, Rajendra CE. Reserpine content of Rauwolfia serpentina in response to geographical variation. Int J Pharma Bio Sci. 2010; 1(4).
  63. Ruyter CM, Akram M, Illahi I, Sandhya R, Kapoor VK, Srivastava S. Investigation of the alkaloid content of Rauwolfia serpentina roots from regenerated plants. Planta Med. 1991; 57(04):328-330.
  64. Vaidya AB. A clinical trial of Rauwolfia serpentina in essential hypertension. Br Heart J. 1949; 11(4):350-355.
  65. Moyer JH, Dennis E, Ford R. Drug therapy (Rauwolfia) of hypertension: II. A comparative study of different extracts of rauwolfia when each is used alone (orally) for therapy of ambulatory patients with hypertension. AMA Arch Intern Med. 1955; 96(4):530-543.
  66. Wilkins RW, Judson WE. The use of Rauwolfia serpentina in hypertensive patients. N Engl J Med. 1953;248(2):48-53.
  67. Bello CT, Turner LW. Reserpine as an antihypertensive in the outpatient clinic; a double-blind clinical study. Am J Med Sci. 1956;232(2):194-197.
  68. Shamon SD, Perez MI. Blood pressure‐lowering efficacy of reserpine for primary hypertension. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;12
  69. Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Program Cooperative Group. Five-year findings of the hypertension detection and follow-up program. Reduction in mortality of persons with high blood pressure. 1979;242:2562-2571.
  70. Crooks VA, Snyder J. Regulating medical tourism. 2010;376(9751):1465-1466.
  71. Ingkaninan K, Temkitthawon P, Chuenchom K, Yuyaem T, Thongnoi W. Screening for acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity in plants used in Thai traditional rejuvenating and neurotonic remedies. J Ethnopharmacol. 2003;89(2-3):261-264.
  72. Williamson EM. Herbal neurotoxicity: an introduction to its occurrence and causes. In: Williamson EM, editor. Toxicology of herbal products. Cham: Springer; 2017. p. 345-362.
  73. Mathew M, Subramanian S. In vitro screening for anti-cholinesterase and antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts of ayurvedic medicinal plants used for cognitive disorders. PLoS One. 2014;9(1)
  74. Tepe B, Daferera D, Sokmen A, Sokmen M, Polissiou M. Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the essential oil and various extracts of Salvia tomentosa Miller (Lamiaceae). Food Chem. 2005;90(3):333-340
  75. Khorshid MA, Hassan AF, Abd El-Gawad AM, Fathy MS. Effect of some plants and pesticides on acetylcholinesterase. Am J Food Technol. 2015; 10:93-99.
  76. Khorshid MA, Hassan AF, Abd El-Gawad AM, et al. Effect of some plants and pesticides on acetylcholinesterase. Am J Food Technol. 2015;10:93-99.
  77. Arya U, Dwivedi H, Subramaniam JR. Reserpine ameliorates Aβ toxicity in the Alzheimer’s disease model in Caenorhabditis elegans. Exp Gerontol. 2009;44(6-7):462-466.
  78. Srivastava D, Arya U, SoundaraRajan T, et al. Reserpine can confer stress tolerance and lifespan extension in the nematode elegans. Biogerontology. 2008;9(5):309-316.
  79. Ray GK, Roy PK, Dasgupta SR, et al. The action of Rauwolfia serpentina on vasomotor reflexes. Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch Exp Pathol Pharmakol. 1953;219(4):310-314
  80. Mia MM, Kadir MF, Hossan MS, et al. Medicinal plants of the Garo tribe inhabiting the Madhupur forest region of Bangladesh. Am Eurasian J Sustain Agric. 2009;3(2):165-71.
  81. Healy D, Savage M. Reserpine exhumed. Br J Psychiatry. 1998;172:376-378.
  82. Lowinger P. Rauwolfia serpentina in the control of anxiety. Psychiatr Q. 1957;31(3):445-453.
  83. Lehman E, Haber J, Lesser SR. The use of reserpine in autistic children. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1957; 125(3):351-356.
  84. Avol M, Vogel PJ. Treatment of delirium tremens with reserpine (serpasil): a preliminary report. JAMA. 1955;159(16):1516-1520.
  85. Friedman AP. Treatment of headache with reserpine. Neurology. 1955;5(11):805-808.
  86. Lewis BI, Lubin RI, January LE, et al. Rauwolfia serpentina in the treatment of angina pectoris. Circulation. 1956;4(2):227-232.
  87. Ferrara RJ, Pinkus H. Alseroxylon in the treatment of pruritic and psychogenic dermatoses. AMA Arch Dermatol. 1955;72(1):23-28
  88. Weiss RF. Herbal medicine. Beaconsfield, UK: Sweden and Beaconsfield Publishers Ltd; 2001.
  89. Horwitz RI, Feinstein AR. Exclusion bias and the false relationship of reserpine and breast cancer. Arch Intern Med. 1985;145(10):1873-1875.
  90. Aromaa A, Hakama M, Hakulinen T, et al. Breast cancer and use of Rauwolfia and other antihypertensive agents in hypertensive patients: a nationwide case-control study in Finland. Int J Cancer. 1976;18(6):727-738
  91. Mollik MA, Hossan MS, Paul AK, et al. A comparative analysis of medicinal plants used by folk medicinal healers in three districts of Bangladesh and inquiry as to mode of selection of medicinal plants. Ethnobot Res Appl. 2010;8:195-218.
  92. Sen P, Dollo M, Choudhury MD, Choudhury D. Documentation of traditional herbal knowledge of Khamptis of Arunachal Pradesh.
  93. Smith RA, Cokkinides V, Eyre HJ. American Cancer Society guidelines for the early detection of cancer. CA Cancer J Clin. 2006;56(1):11-25.
  94. Beljanski M, Beljanski MS. Three alkaloids as selective destroyers of cancer cells in mice. Oncology. 1986;43(3):198-203
  95. Bemis DL, Capodice JL, Gorroochurn P, et al. Anti-prostate cancer activity of a β-carboline alkaloid enriched extract from Rauwolfia vomitoria. Int J Oncol. 2006;29(5):1065-1073.
  96. Mittal B, Meenakshi D, Sharma A, et al. Int J Ayur Herb Med. 2012;2(3):427-434.
  97. Singh RK, Sureja AK. Dynamics of sustainable livestock and natural resources management.
  98. Bhattarai S, Chaudhary RP, Taylor RS. Ethno-medicinal plants used by the people of Nawalparasi District, Central Nepal. Our Nat. 2009;7(1):82-99.
  99. Anisuzzaman M, Rahman AH, Harun-Or-Rashid M, et al. Ethnobotanical study of Madhupur, Tangail. J Appl Sci Res. 2007;3(7):519-530.
  100. Parinitha M, Harish GU, Vivek NC, et al. Ethno-botanical wealth of Bhadra wildlife sanctuary in Karnataka.
  101. Behera SK, Panda A, Behera SK. Medicinal plants used by the Kandhas of Kandhamal district of Orissa. Indian J Tradit Knowl. 2006; 5(4):519-528.
  102. Bhanwaria R, Singh B, Gochar R. Indian Snake Root and Devil Root as distinctive medicinal plants for curing human disease: Biology, chemistry and cultivation practices of Rauwolfia serpentina and Rauwolfia tetraphylla. 2010;4(1):70-85.
  103. Rout SD, Thatoi HN. Ethnomedicinal practices of Kol tribes in Similipal biosphere reserve, Orissa, India. Ethnobot Leaflets. 2009; 13:1.
  104. Hedayatullah S. Culture and propagation of Rauwolfia serpentina Benth. East Pakistan. Pak J Sci Ind Res. 1959;2:118-122.
  105. Nayar SL. Experimental propagation and culture of Rauwolfia serpentina Benth. by seeds. 1956;18:125-126.
  106. Badhwar RL, Karira GV, Ramaswami S. Methods of propagation and their effect on root production in Rauwolfia serpentina. Indian J Pharmaco. 1956;18:170-175
  107. Roja G, Heble MR. Indole alkaloids in clonal propagules of Rauwolfia serpentina Benth ex Kurz. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult. 1996;44(2):111-115.
  108. Pandey VP, Kudakasseril J, Cherian E, et al. Comparison of two methods for in vitro propagation of Rauwolfia serpentina from nodal explants. Indian Drugs. 2007;44:514-519.
  109. Ahmad S, Amin MN, Azad MA, et al. Micropropagation and plant regeneration of Rauvolfia serpentina by tissue culture technique. Pak J Biol Sci. 2002;5(1):75-79.
  110. Pandey V, Cherian E, Patani G. Effect of growth regulators and culture conditions on direct root induction of Rauwolfia serpentina L. (Apocynaceae) Benth by leaf explants. Trop J Pharm Res. 2010; 9(1).
  111. Mohamed AA, Matter MA, Saker MM. Effect of salt stress on some defense mechanisms of transgenic and wild potato clones (Solanum tuberosum L.) grown in vitro. Nat. 2010;12(8).
  112. Strube M, Dragsted LO, Larsen JC. Naturally occurring antitumourigens: plant phenols. Nordic Council of Ministers. 1993.
  113. Singh PS, Patni B. Elucidating the effect of salinity stress in enhancing the phenolic acid content in Rauwolfia serpentina in vitro. J Stress Physiol Biochem. 2020;16(3):103-110.
  114. Gupta M, Srivastava A, Tripathi A, et al. Use of HPTLC, HPLC, and densitometry for qualitative separation of indole alkaloids from Rauvolfia serpentina roots. JPC-J Planar Chromatogr-Mod TLC. 2006; 19(110):282-287.
  115. Gardner DR, Manners GD, Ralphs MH, et al. Quantitative analysis of norditerpenoid alkaloids in larkspur (Delphinium spp.) by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Phytochem Anal. 1997; 8:55-62.
  116. Kumar HV, Shashidhara S, Anitha S, et al. Quantitative detection of reserpine in Rauwolfia serpentina using HPTLC. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2010; 2(4):87-89.
  117. Panwar GS, Guru SK. Alkaloid profiling and estimation of reserpine in Rauwolfia serpentina plant by TLC, HP-TLC and HPLC. Asian J Plant Sci. 2011; 10(8):393-400.
  118. Kumar VH, Shashidhara S, Rajendra CE. Reserpine content of Rauwolfia serpentina in response to geographical variation. Int J Pharm Bio Sci. 2010; 1(4).
  119. Goel MK, Mehrotra S, Kukreja AK, et al. In vitro propagation of Rauwolfia serpentina using liquid medium, assessment of genetic fidelity of micropropagated plants, and simultaneous quantitation of reserpine, ajmaline, and ajmalicine. In: Protocols for In Vitro Cultures and Secondary Metabolite Analysis of Aromatic and Medicinal Plants. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. 2009. p. 17-33.
  120. Deshmukh SR, Ashrit DS, Patil BA. Extraction and evaluation of indole alkaloids from Rauwolfia serpentina for their antimicrobial and antiproliferative activities. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2012;4(Suppl 5):329-334.
  121. Alade PI, Irobi ON. Antimicrobial activities of crude leaf extracts of Acalypha wilkesiana. J Ethnopharmacol. 1993;139(3):171-174.
  122. Parthasarathy S, Bin Azizi J, Ramanathan S. Evaluation of antioxidant and antibacterial activities of aqueous, methanolic, and alkaloid extracts from Mitragyna speciosa (Rubiaceae family) leaves. Molecules. 2009;14(10):3964-3974.
  123. Abhijit D, De JN. Rauvolfia serpentina (L). Benth. ex Kurz.-a review. Asian J Plant Sci. 2010;9(6):285-298. Ghate VU, Gajendragadkar MP, Jadhav AB. Quality evaluation of Rauvolfia serpentina by physicochemical analysis. J Pharmacogn Phytochem. 2020; 9(5):2442-2445.
  124. Rotimi SO, Omotosho OE, Rotimi OA (2011) Persistence of acidosis in alloxan-induced diabetic rats treated with the juice of Asystasia gangetica leaves. Pharmacognosy Magazine 7(25):25.
  125. Rotimi SO, Omotosho OE, Rotimi OA. Persistence of acidosis in alloxan-induced diabetic rats treated with the juice of Asystasia gangetica leaves. Pharmacogn Mag. 2011;7(25):25.
  126. VinodMahato R, Gyawali P, Raut PP. Association between glycaemic control and serum lipid profile in type 2 diabetic patients: Glycated haemoglobin as a dual biomarker. Biomed Res. 2011; 22(3).
  127. Rang HP, Ritter JM, Moore PK. The Endocrine Pancreas and the control of blood glucose. In: Hardman JG, Limbird LE, editors. Pharmacology. 5th ed. New York, NY, USA: Churchill Livingstone; 2003. p. 315-322.
  128. Tiwari S. Plants: A rich source of herbal medicine. J Nat Prod. 2022;1(8):27-35.
  129. Aggarwal NS. A review of recent investigations on medicinal herbs possessing anti-diabetic properties. J Nutr Disord Ther. 2011;1(102):2.
  130. Pandey V, Cherian E, Patani G. Effect of growth regulators and culture conditions on direct root induction of Rauwolfia serpentina L. (Apocynaceae) Benth by leaf explants. Trop J Pharm Res. 2010; 9(1).
  131. Von Poser G, Andrade HH, da Silva KV, et al. Genotoxic, mutagenic, and recombinogenic effects of Rauwolfia alkaloids. Mutat Res. 1990;232(1):37-43.
Ahead of Print Subscription Review Article
Volume
Received August 20, 2024
Accepted September 2, 2024
Published September 3, 2024
Views: 12

Check Our other Platform for Workshops in the field of AI, Biotechnology & Nanotechnology.
Learn more
Check Out Platform for Webinars in the field of AI, Biotech. & Nanotech.
Learn more