Arabidopsis thaliana. (L.) Heynh Multifunctional Sensor Proteins and Signaling Networks Plant Photoreceptors

Year : 2024 | Volume :01 | Issue : 02 | Page : 08-24
By

R. Ganesh

  1. Ex-Assistant Marketing Officer SPPU University, Pune Maharashtra India

Abstract

Light is a crucial environmental cue for the growth and development of plants as well as the production of photosynthetic energy. In order to recognize and process information from incoming light, plants employ sophisticated mechanisms. With the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, five different types of photoreceptors have been found. (L.) Heynh Photoreceptors play a specialized and/or recurring role in fine-tuning many aspects of the plant’s life cycle. Unlike mobile animals, sedentary plants are highly flexible and can adapt and survive in changing environments. Plants adjust their direction in the right direction by following the different messages created by the light. It is not unexpected that light is connected to plant regulation in many ways, given that variations in the light environment are frequently synchronized with other environmental elements including temperature, abiotic stressors, and seasonal changes. physiology and growth. In fact, recent advances in plant photobiology have revealed large-scale connections between different photoreceptor signaling pathways and other internal systems, such as light Red hormones. In addition, some photoreceptors directly affect the perception of stimuli other than light, such as heat. Therefore, understanding signaling interactions is important for investigating photoreceptor function in plants. Here, we provide an overview of how different photoreceptors work in tandem with internal signals in plants to regulate a range of physiological and biochemical responses. Therefore, understanding the interplay of these interactions is important for studying plant photoreceptor function.

Keywords: Photo morphogenesis, Photoreceptors, Sensory proteins, Signal integration, E3 Ubiquitin ligase

[This article belongs to International Journal of Photochemistry and Photochemical Research(ijppr)]

How to cite this article: R. Ganesh. Arabidopsis thaliana. (L.) Heynh Multifunctional Sensor Proteins and Signaling Networks Plant Photoreceptors. International Journal of Photochemistry and Photochemical Research. 2024; 01(02):08-24.
How to cite this URL: R. Ganesh. Arabidopsis thaliana. (L.) Heynh Multifunctional Sensor Proteins and Signaling Networks Plant Photoreceptors. International Journal of Photochemistry and Photochemical Research. 2024; 01(02):08-24. Available from: https://journals.stmjournals.com/ijppr/article=2024/view=0

References

  1. Bae G, Choi G, Decoding of light signals by plant phytochromes and their interacting proteins, Annu. Rev. Plant Biol 59 (2008) 281–311. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Legris M, et al., Phytochrome B integrates light and temperature signals in Arabidopsis, Science 354 (6314) (2016) 897–900. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Jung JH, et al., Phytochromes function as thermosensors in Arabidopsis, Science 354 (6314) (2016) 886–889. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Casal JJ, Shade avoidance, Arabidopsis Book 10 (2012) p. e0157. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Sakamoto K, Nagatani A, Nuclear localization activity of phytochrome B, Plant J. 10 (5) (1996) 859–868. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Paik I, et al., Expanding roles of PIFs in signal integration from multiple processes, Mol. Plant 10 (8) (2017) 1035–1046. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Park E, et al., Phytochrome B inhibits binding of phytochrome-interacting factors to their target promoters, Plant J. 72 (4) (2012) 537–546. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Al-Sady B, et al., Photoactivated phytochrome induces rapid PIF3 phosphorylation prior to proteasome-mediated degradation, Mol. Cell 23 (3) (2006) 439–446. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Shen H, et al., Light-induced phosphorylation and degradation of the negative regulator PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTOR1 from Arabidopsis depend upon its direct physical interactions with photoactivated phytochromes, Plant Cell 20 (6) (2008) 1586–1602. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Shen Y, et al., Phytochrome induces rapid PIF5 phosphorylation and degradation in response to red-light activation, Plant Physiol. 145 (3) (2007) 1043–1051. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Oh E, et al., Light activates the degradation of PIL5 protein to promote seed germination through gibberellin in Arabidopsis, Plant J. 47 (1) (2006) 124–139. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Bauer D, et al., Constitutive photomorphogenesis 1 and multiple photoreceptors control degradation of phytochrome interacting factor 3, a transcription factor required for light signaling in Arabidopsis, Plant Cell 16 (6) (2004) 1433–1445. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Park E, et al., Degradation of phytochrome interacting factor 3 in phytochrome-mediated light signaling, Plant Cell Physiol. 45 (8) (2004) 968–975. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Huq E, et al., Phytochrome-interacting factor 1 is a critical bHLH regulator of chlorophyll biosynthesis, Science 305 (5692) (2004) 1937–1941. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Shen H, Moon J, Huq E, PIF1 is regulated by light-mediated degradation through the ubiquitin-26S proteasome pathway to optimize photomorphogenesis of seedlings in Arabidopsis, Plant J. 44 (6) (2005) 1023–1035. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Lu XD, et al., Red-light-dependent interaction of phyB with SPA1 promotes COP1-SPA1 dissociation and photomorphogenic development in Arabidopsis, Mol. Plant 8 (3) (2015) 467–478. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Sheerin DJ, et al., Light-activated phytochrome A and B interact with members of the SPA family to promote photomorphogenesis in Arabidopsis by reorganizing the COP1/SPA complex, Plant Cell 27 (1) (2015) 189–201. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Lau OS, Deng XW, The photomorphogenic repressors COP1 and DET1: 20 years later, Trends Plant Sci. 17 (10) (2012) 584–593. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Hoecker U, Quail PH, The phytochrome A-specific signaling intermediate SPA1 interacts directly with COP1, a constitutive repressor of light signaling in Arabidopsis, J. Biol. Chem 276 (41) (2001) 38173–38178. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Menon C, Sheerin DJ, Hiltbrunner A, SPA proteins: SPAnning the gap between visible light and gene expression, Planta 244 (2) (2016) 297–312. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Seo HS, et al., LAF1 ubiquitination by COP1 controls photomorphogenesis and is stimulated by SPA1, Nature 423 (6943) (2003) 995–999. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. von Arnim AG, et al., Genetic and developmental control of nuclear accumulation of COP1, a repressor of photomorphogenesis in Arabidopsis, Plant Physiol. 114 (3) (1997) 779–788. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Subramanian C, et al., The Arabidopsis repressor of light signaling, COP1, is regulated by nuclear exclusion: mutational analysis by bioluminescence resonance energy transfer, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A 101 (17) (2004) 6798–6802. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Stacey MG, Hicks SN, von Arnim AG, Discrete domains mediate the light-responsive nuclear and cytoplasmic localization of Arabidopsis COP1, Plant Cell 11 (3) (1999) 349–364. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Shin AY, et al., Evidence that phytochrome functions as a protein kinase in plant light signalling, Nat. Commun 7 (2016) 11545. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Yeh KC, Lagarias JC, Eukaryotic phytochromes: light-regulated serine/threonine protein kinases with histidine kinase ancestry, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A 95 (23) (1998) 13976–13981. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Bu Q, et al., Phosphorylation by CK2 enhances the rapid light-induced degradation of phytochrome interacting factor 1 in Arabidopsis, J. Biol. Chem 286 (14) (2011) 12066–12074. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Bu Q, Zhu L, Huq E, Multiple kinases promote light-induced degradation of PIF1, Plant Signal. Behav 6 (8) (2011) 1119–1121. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Ni W, et al., PPKs mediate direct signal transfer from phytochrome photoreceptors to transcription factor PIF3, Nat. Commun 8 (2017) 15236. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Ryu JS, et al., Phytochrome-specific type 5 phosphatase controls light signal flux by enhancing phytochrome stability and affinity for a signal transducer, Cell 120 (3) (2005) 395–406. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Dong J, et al., Light-dependent degradation of PIF3 by SCFEBF1/2 promotes a photomorphogenic response in Arabidopsis, Curr. Biol 27 (16) (2017) 2420–2430 e6. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Ni W, et al., A mutually assured destruction mechanism attenuates light signaling in Arabidopsis, Science 344 (6188) (2014) 1160–1164. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Seo HS, et al., Photoreceptor ubiquitination by COP1 E3 ligase desensitizes phytochrome A signaling, Genes Dev. 18 (6) (2004) 617–622. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Furuya M, Molecular properties and biogenesis of phytochrome I and II, Adv. Biophys 25 (1989) 133–167. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Kim JI, et al., Phytochrome phosphorylation in plant light signaling, Photochem. Photobiol. Sci 4 (9) (2005) 681–687. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Nito K, et al., Tyrosine phosphorylation regulates the activity of phytochrome photoreceptors, Cell Rep. 3 (6) (2013) 1970–1979. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Kim JI, et al., Phytochrome phosphorylation modulates light signaling by influencing the protein-protein interaction, Plant Cell 16 (10) (2004) 2629–2640. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Medzihradszky M, et al., Phosphorylation of phytochrome B inhibits light-induced signaling via accelerated dark reversion in Arabidopsis, Plant Cell 25 (2) (2013) 535–544. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Sadanandom A, et al., SUMOylation of phytochrome-B negatively regulates light-induced signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A 112 (35) (2015) 11108–11113. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Chen M, Phytochrome nuclear body: an emerging model to study interphase nuclear dynamics and signaling, Curr. Opin. Plant Biol 11 (5) (2008) 503–508. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Kircher S, et al., Nucleocytoplasmic partitioning of the plant photoreceptors phytochrome A, B, C, D, and E is regulated differentially by light and exhibits a diurnal rhythm, Plant Cell 14 (7) (2002) 1541–1555. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Kircher S, et al., Light quality-dependent nuclear import of the plant photoreceptors phytochrome A and B, Plant Cell 11 (8) (1999) 1445–1456. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Chen M, Schwab R, Chory J, Characterization of the requirements for localization of phytochrome B to nuclear bodies, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A 100 (24) (2003) 14493–14498. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Chen M, et al., Arabidopsis HEMERA/pTAC12 initiates photomorphogenesis by phytochromes, Cell 141 (7) (2010) 1230–1240. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Yu X, et al., Formation of nuclear bodies of Arabidopsis CRY2 in response to blue light is associated with its blue light-dependent degradation, Plant Cell 21 (1) (2009) 118–130. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Shalitin D, et al., Regulation of Arabidopsis cryptochrome 2 by blue-light-dependent phosphorylation, Nature 417 (6890) (2002) 763–767. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Shalitin D, et al., Blue light-dependent in vivo and in vitro phosphorylation of Arabidopsis cryptochrome 1, Plant Cell 15 (10) (2003) 2421–2429. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Yu X, et al., Arabidopsis cryptochrome 2 completes its posttranslational life cycle in the nucleus, Plant Cell 19 (10) (2007) 3146–3156. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Tan ST, et al., Arabidopsis casein kinase1 proteins CK1.3 and CK1.4 phosphorylate cryptochrome2 to regulate blue light signaling, Plant Cell 25 (7) (2013) 2618–2632. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Liu Q, et al., Molecular basis for blue light-dependent phosphorylation of Arabidopsis cryptochrome 2, Nat. Commun 8 (2017) 15234. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Wang Q, et al., The blue light-dependent phosphorylation of the CCE domain determines the photosensitivity of Arabidopsis CRY2, Mol. Plant 8 (4) (2015) 631–643. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Wang Q, et al., Photoactivation and inactivation of Arabidopsis cryptochrome 2, Science 354 (6310) (2016) 343–347. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Liu H, et al., The action mechanisms of plant cryptochromes, Trends Plant Sci. 16 (12) (2011) 684–691. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Liu H, et al., Photoexcited CRY2 interacts with CIB1 to regulate transcription and floral initiation in Arabidopsis, Science 322 (5907) (2008) 1535–1539. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Wang X, et al A CRY-BIC negative-feedback circuitry regulating blue light sensitivity of Arabidopsis, Plant J. 92 (3) (2017) 426–436. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Okajima K, Molecular mechanism of phototropin light signaling, J. Plant Res 129 (2) (2016) 149–157. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Pedmale UV, Liscum E, Regulation of phototropic signaling in Arabidopsis via phosphorylation state changes in the phototropin 1-interacting protein NPH3, J. Biol. Chem 282 (27) (2007) 19992–20001. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Demarsy E, et al., Phytochrome Kinase Substrate 4 is phosphorylated by the phototropin 1 photoreceptor, EMBO J. 31 (16) (2012) 3457–3467. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Kinoshita T, et al., Phot1 and phot2 mediate blue light regulation of stomatal opening, Nature 414 (6864) (2001) 656–660. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Kong SG, Wada M, Molecular basis of chloroplast photorelocation movement, J. Plant Res 129 (2) (2016) 159–166. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Song YH, et al., Distinct roles of FKF1, Gigantea, and Zeitlupe proteins in the regulation of Constans stability in Arabidopsis photoperiodic flowering, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A Ill (49) (2014) 17672–17677. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Zoltowski BD, Imaizumi T, Structure and function of the ZTL/FKF1/LKP2 group proteins in Arabidopsis, Enzymes 35 (2014) 213–239. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Song YH, et al., FKF1 conveys timing information for CONSTANS stabilization in photoperiodic flowering, Science 336 (6084) (2012) 1045–1049. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Rizzini L, et al., Perception of UV-B by the Arabidopsis uvr8 protein, Science 332 (6025) (2011) 103–106. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Cloix C, et al., C-terminal region of the UV-B photoreceptor UVR8 initiates signaling through interaction with the COP1 protein, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A 109 (40) (2012) 16366–16370. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Huang X, et al., Conversion from CUL4-based COP1-SPA E3 apparatus to UVR8-COP1-SPA complexes underlies a distinct biochemical function of COP1 under UV-B, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A 110 (41) (2013) 16669–16674. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Wu D, et al., Structural basis of ultraviolet-B perception by UVR8, Nature 484 (7393) (2012) 214–219. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Liang T, et al., UVR8 interacts with BES1 and BIM1 to regulate transcription and photomorphogenesis in Arabidopsis, Dev. Cell 44 (4) (2018) 512–523 e5. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Yang Y, et al., UVR8 interacts with WRKY36 to regulate HY5 transcription and hypocotyl elongation in Arabidopsis, Nat. Plants 4 (2) (2018) 98–107. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Yamaguchi S, et al., Phytochrome regulation and differential expression of gibberellin 3beta-hydroxylase genes in germinating Arabidopsis seeds, Plant Cell 10 (12) (1998) 2115–2126. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Shinomura T, et al., Action spectra for phytochrome A- and B-specific photoinduction of seed germination in Arabidopsis thaliana, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A 93 (15) (1996) 8129–8133. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Botto JF, et al., Phytochrome a mediates the promotion of seed germination by very low fluences of light and canopy shade light in Arabidopsis, Plant Physiol. 109 (2) (1996) 439–444. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. Lee KP, et al., Spatially and genetically distinct control of seed germination by phytochromes A and B, Genes Dev. 26 (17) (2012) 1984–1996. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Xu X, et al., Illuminating progress in phytochrome-mediated light signaling pathways, Trends Plant Sci. 20 (10) (2015) 641–650. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. Reed JW, et al., Phytochrome a and phytochrome B have overlapping but distinct functions in Arabidopsis development, Plant Physiol. 104 (4) (1994) 1139–1149. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. Tepperman JM, Hwang YS, Quail PH, phyA dominates in transduction of red-light signals to rapidly responding genes at the initiation of Arabidopsis seedling de-etiolation, Plant J. 48 (5) (2006) 728–742. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. Xu X, et al., PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR1 enhances the E3 ligase activity of CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENIC1 to synergistically repress photomorphogenesis in Arabidopsis, Plant Cell 26 (5) (2014) 1992–2006. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. Zhang H, et al., Genome-wide mapping of the HY5-mediated gene networks in Arabidopsis that involve both transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation, Plant J. 65 (3) (2011) 346–358. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. Lee J, et al., Analysis of transcription factor HY5 genomic binding sites revealed its hierarchical role in light regulation of development, Plant Cell 19 (3) (2007) 731–749. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. Leivar P, et al., Multiple phytochrome-interacting bHLH transcription factors repress premature seedling photomorphogenesis in darkness, Curr. Biol 18 (23) (2008) 1815–1823. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  81. Shin J, et al., Phytochromes promote seedling light responses by inhibiting four negatively-acting phytochrome-interacting factors, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A 106 (18) (2009) 7660–7665. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  82. Shikata H, et al., Phytochrome controls alternative splicing to mediate light responses in Arabidopsis, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A 111 (52) (2014) 18781–18786. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  83. Xin R, et al., SPF45-related splicing factor for phytochrome signaling promotes photomorphogenesis by regulating pre-mRNA splicing in Arabidopsis, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A 114 (33) (2017) E7018–E7027. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  84. Paik I, Yang S, Choi G, Phytochrome regulates translation of mRNA in the cytosol, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A 109 (4) (2012) 1335–1340. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  85. Reichel M, et al., In planta determination of the mRNA-binding proteome of Arabidopsis etiolated seedlings, Plant Cell 28 (10) (2016) 2435–2452. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  86. Ushijima T, et al., Light controls protein localization through phytochrome-mediated alternative promoter selection, Cell 171 (6) (2017) 1316–1325 e12. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  87. Oh S, Warnasooriya SN, Montgomery BL, Downstream effectors of light- and phytochrome-dependent regulation of hypocotyl elongation in Arabidopsis thaliana, Plant Mol. Biol 81 (6) (2013) 627–640. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  88. Montgomery BL, Spatial-specific phytochrome responses during de-etiolation in Arabidopsis thaliana, Plant Signal. Behav 4 (1) (2009) 47–49. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  89. Kim J, et al., Epidermal phytochrome B inhibits hypocotyl negative gravitropism non-cell-Autonomously, Plant Cell 28 (11) (2016) 2770–2785. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  90. Reed JW, et al., Mutations in the gene for the red/far-red light receptor phytochrome B alter cell elongation and physiological responses throughout Arabidopsis development, Plant Cell 5 (2) (1993) 147–157. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  91. Hornitschek P, et al., Phytochrome interacting factors 4 and 5 control seedling growth in changing light conditions by directly controlling auxin signaling, Plant J. 71 (5) (2012) 699–711. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  92. Li L, et al., Linking photoreceptor excitation to changes in plant architecture, Genes Dev. 26 (8) (2012) 785–790. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  93. Martinez-Garcia JF, et al., The shade avoidance syndrome in Arabidopsis: the antagonistic role of phytochrome a and B differentiates vegetation proximity and canopy shade, PLoS One 9 (10) (2014) e109275. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  94. Hornitschek P, et al., Inhibition of the shade avoidance response by formation of non-DNA binding bHLH heterodimers, EMBO J. 28 (24) (2009) 3893–3902. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  95. Pedmale UV, et al., Cryptochromes interact directly with PIFs to control plant growth in limiting blue light, Cell 164 (1-2) (2016) 233–245. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  96. Song YH, et al., Photoperiodic flowering: time measurement mechanisms in leaves, Annu. Rev. Plant Biol 66 (2015) 441–464. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  97. Corbesier L, et al., FT protein movement contributes to long-distance signaling in floral induction of Arabidopsis, Science 316 (5827) (2007) 1030–1033. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  98. Putterill J, Laurie R, Macknight R, It’s time to flower: the genetic control of flowering time, Bioessays 26 (4) (2004) 363–373. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  99. Zuo Z, et al., Blue light-dependent interaction of CRY2 with SPA1 regulates COP1 activity and floral initiation in Arabidopsis, Curr. Biol 21 (10) (2011) 841–847. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  100. Valverde F, et al., Photoreceptor regulation of CONSTANS protein in photoperiodic flowering, Science 303 (5660) (2004) 1003–1006. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  101. Endo M, et al., Phytochrome B in the mesophyll delays flowering by suppressing FLOWERING LOCUS T expression in Arabidopsis vascular bundles, Plant Cell 17 (7) (2005) 1941–1952. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  102. Cha JY, et al., GIGANTEA is a co-chaperone which facilitates maturation of ZEITLUPE in the Arabidopsis circadian clock, Nat. Commun 8 (1) (2017) 3. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  103. Sawa M, et al., FKF1 and GIGANTEA complex formation is required for day-length measurement in Arabidopsis, Science 318 (5848) (2007) 261–265. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  104. Wang H, Siemens J, TRP ion channels in thermosensation, thermoregulation and metabolism, Temperature (Austin) 2 (2) (2015) 178–187. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  105. Johansson J, et al., An RNA thermosensor controls expression of virulence genes in Listeria monocytogenes, Cell 110 (5) (2002) 551–561. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  106. Hofmann NR, Phosphorylation and dark reversion of phytochrome B, Plant Cell 25 (2) (2013) 358. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  107. Ma D, et al., Cryptochrome 1 interacts with PIF4 to regulate high temperature-mediated hypocotyl elongation in response to blue light, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A 113 (1) (2016) 224–229. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  108. Franklin KA, Whitelam GC, Light-quality regulation of freezing tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana, Nat. Genet 39 (11) (2007) 1410–1413. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  109. Kim HJ, et al., Light signalling mediated by phytochrome plays an important role in cold-induced gene expression through the C-repeat/dehydration responsive element (C/DRE) in Arabidopsis thaliana, Plant J. 29 (6) (2002) 693–704. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  110. Carvalho RF, Campos ML, Azevedo RA, The role of phytochrome in stress tolerance, J. Integr. Plant Biol 53 (12) (2011) 920–929. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  111. Lee CM, Thomashow MF, Photoperiodic regulation of the C-repeat binding factor (CBF) cold acclimation pathway and freezing tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A 109 (37) (2012) 15054–15059. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  112. Karayekov E, et al., Heat shock-induced fluctuations in clock and light signaling enhance phytochrome B-mediated Arabidopsis deetiolation, Plant Cell 25 (8) (2013) 2892–2906. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  113. Jung HS, et al., Subset of heat-shock transcription factors required for the early response of Arabidopsis to excess light, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A 110 (35) (2013) 14474–14479. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  114. Sun W, et al., The rice phytochrome genes, PHYA and PHYB, have synergistic effects on anther development and pollen viability, Sci. Rep 7 (1) (2017) 6439. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  115. Kim K, et al., Phytochromes inhibit hypocotyl negative gravitropism by regulating the development of endodermal amyloplasts through phytochrome-interacting factors, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A 108 (4) (2011) 1729–1734. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  116. Correll MJ, Kiss JZ, The roles of phytochromes in elongation and gravitropism of roots, Plant Cell Physiol. 46 (2) (2005) 317–323. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  117. Liedvogel M, et al., Chemical magnetoreception: bird cryptochrome 1a is excited by blue light and forms long-lived radical-pairs, PLoS One 2 (10) (2007) e1106. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  118. Solov’yov IA, Chandler DE, Schulten K, Magnetic field effects in Arabidopsis thaliana cryptochrome-1, Biophys. J 92 (8) (2007) 2711–2726. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  119. Christie JM, et al., Arabidopsis NPH1: a flavoprotein with the properties of a photoreceptor for phototropism, Science 282 (5394) (1998) 1698–1701. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  120. Campos ML, et al., Rewiring of jasmonate and phytochrome B signalling uncouples plant growth-defense tradeoffs, Nat. Commun 7 (2016) 12570. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  121. Leivar P, Monte E, PIFs: systems integrators in plant development, Plant Cell 26 (1) (2014) 56–78. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  122. Bowler C, et al., Cyclic GMP and calcium mediate phytochrome phototransduction, Cell 77 (1) (1994) 73–81. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Regular Issue Subscription Original Research
Volume 01
Issue 02
Received June 1, 2024
Accepted July 6, 2024
Published July 8, 2024
Views: 14

function myFunction2() {
var x = document.getElementById(“browsefigure”);
if (x.style.display === “block”) {
x.style.display = “none”;
}
else { x.style.display = “Block”; }
}
document.querySelector(“.prevBtn”).addEventListener(“click”, () => {
changeSlides(-1);
});
document.querySelector(“.nextBtn”).addEventListener(“click”, () => {
changeSlides(1);
});
var slideIndex = 1;
showSlides(slideIndex);
function changeSlides(n) {
showSlides((slideIndex += n));
}
function currentSlide(n) {
showSlides((slideIndex = n));
}
function showSlides(n) {
var i;
var slides = document.getElementsByClassName(“Slide”);
var dots = document.getElementsByClassName(“Navdot”);
if (n > slides.length) { slideIndex = 1; }
if (n (item.style.display = “none”));
Array.from(dots).forEach(
item => (item.className = item.className.replace(” selected”, “”))
);
slides[slideIndex – 1].style.display = “block”;
dots[slideIndex – 1].className += ” selected”;
}