A Critical Review on Measuring Accessibility of Multimodal Transport Systems in Indian Cities

[{“box”:0,”content”:”[if 992 equals=”Open Access”]n

n

n

n

Open Access

nn

n

n[/if 992]n

n

Year : June 14, 2024 at 9:42 am | [if 1553 equals=””] Volume :11 [else] Volume :11[/if 1553] | [if 424 equals=”Regular Issue”]Issue[/if 424][if 424 equals=”Special Issue”]Special Issue[/if 424] [if 424 equals=”Conference”][/if 424] : 01 | Page : 1-9

n

n

n

n

n

n

By

n

[foreach 286]n

n

n

Rahul Tanwar, Pradeep Kumar Agarwal

n

    n t

  • n

n

n[/foreach]

n

n[if 2099 not_equal=”Yes”]n

    [foreach 286] [if 1175 not_equal=””]n t

  1. Phd Scholar, Professor Department of Civil Engineering, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology Bhopal, India, Department of Civil Engineering, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology Bhopal, India
  2. n[/if 1175][/foreach]

n[/if 2099][if 2099 equals=”Yes”][/if 2099]n

n

Abstract

nMeasuring accessibility is crucial for evaluating the performance of multimodal transport systems in
Indian cities. This review paper examines the methodologies, indicators, and applications of
accessibility measurement in the context of developing countries, focusing on Indian urban areas. The
paper discusses the challenges posed by data limitations, informal transport modes, and socioeconomic
disparities, and highlights the need for adapting accessibility measures to the Indian context. Case
studies from major Indian cities are presented to illustrate the application of accessibility analysis in
multimodal transport planning. The review emphasizes the importance of considering accessibility in
decision-making processes and provides recommendations for improving accessibility through
multimodal integration, equity considerations, and capacity building. The findings contribute to the
growing body of knowledge on accessibility-based planning in developing countries and offer insights
for enhancing sustainable urban mobility in Indian cities.

n

n

n

Keywords: : Accessibility, multimodal transport, Indian cities, sustainable urban mobility, transport planning

n[if 424 equals=”Regular Issue”][This article belongs to Trends in Transport Engineering and Applications(ttea)]

n

[/if 424][if 424 equals=”Special Issue”][This article belongs to Special Issue under section in Trends in Transport Engineering and Applications(ttea)][/if 424][if 424 equals=”Conference”]This article belongs to Conference [/if 424]

n

n

n

How to cite this article: Rahul Tanwar, Pradeep Kumar Agarwal. A Critical Review on Measuring Accessibility of Multimodal Transport Systems in Indian Cities. Trends in Transport Engineering and Applications. May 4, 2024; 11(01):1-9.

n

How to cite this URL: Rahul Tanwar, Pradeep Kumar Agarwal. A Critical Review on Measuring Accessibility of Multimodal Transport Systems in Indian Cities. Trends in Transport Engineering and Applications. May 4, 2024; 11(01):1-9. Available from: https://journals.stmjournals.com/ttea/article=May 4, 2024/view=0

nn[if 992 equals=”Open Access”] Full Text PDF Download[/if 992] n[if 992 not_equal=”Open Access”]

[/if 992]n[if 992 not_equal=”Open Access”] n


nn[/if 992]nn[if 379 not_equal=””]n

Browse Figures

n

n

[foreach 379]n

n[/foreach]n

n

n

n[/if 379]n

n

References

n[if 1104 equals=””]n

1. Census of India. Primary Census Abstract. New Delhi, India: Registrar General of India, Ministry
of Home Affairs, Government of India; 2011.
2. Pucher J, Korattyswaroopam N, Ittyerah N. The crisis of public transport in India: overwhelming
needs but limited resources. J Public Transport. 2004; 7 (4), 1–20. doi: 10.5038/2375-0901.7.4.1.
3. Badami MG, Haider M. An analysis of public bus transit performance in Indian cities. Transport
Res Part A Policy Pract. 2007; 41 (10): 961–981. doi: 10.1016/j.tra.2007.06.002.
4. Litman T. Evaluating Accessibility for Transport Planning: Measuring People’s Ability to Reach
Desired Goods and Activities. Victoria, British Columbia, Canada: Victoria Transport Policy
Institute; 2017.
5. Chandra S, Bharti AK. Speed distribution curves for pedestrians during walking and crossing.
Procedia Soc Behav Sci. 2013; 104: 660–667. doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.11.160.
6. Tiwari G, Jain D. Accessibility and safety indicators for all road users: case study Delhi BRT. J
Transport Geogr. 2012; 22: 87–95. doi: 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2011.11.020.
7. Geurs KT, Van Wee B. Accessibility evaluation of land-use and transport strategies: review and
research directions. J Transport Geogr. 2004; 12 (2): 127–140. doi: 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2003.10.005.
8. Litman T. Evaluating Accessibility for Transport Planning: Measuring People’s Ability to Reach
Desired Goods and Activities. Victoria, British Columbia, Canada: Victoria Transport Policy
Institute; 2020.
9. Cervero R. Linking urban transport and land use in developing countries. J Transport Land Use.
2013; 6 (1): 7–24. doi: 10.5198/jtlu.v6i1.425.
10. Tiwari G. Urban transport priorities: meeting the challenge of socio-economic diversity in cities, a
case study of Delhi, India. Cities. 2002; 19 (2): 95–103. doi: 10.1016/S0264-2751(02)00004-5.
11. Gupta S, Vovsha P, Donnelly R. Air passenger preferences for choice of airport and ground access
mode in the New York City metropolitan region. Transport Res Rec. 2008; 2042 (1): 3–11. doi:
10.3141/2042-01.
12. Ewing R, Cervero R. Travel and the built environment: a meta-analysis. J Am Plann Assoc. 2010;
76 (3): 265–294. doi: 10.1080/01944361003766766.
13. Sudhakara Reddy B, Balachandra P. Urban mobility: a comparative analysis of megacities of India.
Transport Policy. 2012; 21: 152–164. doi: 10.1016/j.tranpol.2012.02.002.
14. Rastogi R, Rao KVK. Travel characteristics of commuters accessing transit: case study. J Transport
Eng. 2003; 129 (6): 684–694. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-947X(2003)129:6(684).
15. Mahadevia D, Joshi R, Datey A. Low-Carbon Mobility in India and the Challenges of Social
Inclusion: Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) Case Studies in India. Lyngby, Denmark: UNEP Risø Centre
on Energy, Climate and Sustainable Development; 2013.
16. Tiwari G, Jain H. Bicycles in urban India. In Burdett R, Sudjic D, editors. The Endless City. New
York, NY, USA: Phaidon Press; 2008. pp. 274–281.
17. Anand A, Tiwari G. A gendered perspective of the shelter-transport-livelihood link: the case of
poor women in Delhi. Transport Rev. 2006; 26 (1): 63–80. doi: 10.1080/01441640500175615.
18. Barter P, Kenworthy J, Laube F. Lessons from Asia on sustainable urban transport. In Low NP,
Gleeson BJ, editors. Making Urban Transport Sustainable. London, UK: Palgrave Macmillan;
2003. pp. 252–270. doi: 10.1057/9781403938954_13.
19. Bhat C, Handy S, Kockelman K, Mahmassani H, Chen Q, Weston L. Urban Accessibility Index:
Literature Review. Austin, TX, USA: Center for Transportation Research, University of Texas at
Austin; 2000.
20. Kala D, Patel B. Geospatial techniques for measuring accessibility: a case study of Ahmedabad,
India. J Urban Plann Dev. 2019; 145 (3): 04019011. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)UP.1943-5444.0000515.
21. Munshi T. Built environment and mode choice relationship for commute travel in the city of Rajkot,
India. Transport Res Part D Transport Environ. 2016; 44: 239–253. doi: 10.1016/j.trd.2015.12.005.
22. Hanson S, Schwab M. Accessibility and intraurban travel. Environ Plann A. 1987; 19 (6): 735–748.
doi: 10.1068/a190735.
23. Chakrabarti S, Joh K. The effect of parenthood on travel behavior: evidence from the California
Household Travel Survey. Transport Res Part A Policy Pract. 2019; 120: 101–115. doi:
10.1016/j.tra.2018.12.022.
24. Banister D. The trilogy of distance, speed and time. J Transport Geogr. 2011; 19 (4): 950–959. doi:
10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2010.12.004.
25. Kwan MP. Space-time and integral measures of individual accessibility: a comparative analysis
using a point-based framework. Geogr Anal. 1998; 30 (3): 191–216. doi: 10.1111/j.1538-
4632.1998.tb00396.x.
26. Astrop A. The urban travel behaviour and constraints of low income households and females in
Pune, India. In: Proceedings of the Second National Conference on Women’s Travel Issues,
Baltimore, MD, USA, October 1996. pp. 215–246.
27. Mohan Rao A, Ramadurai G. Measuring urban traffic congestion – a review. Int J Traffic Transport
Eng. 2016; 6 (2): 286–305. doi: 10.7708/ijtte.2016.6(3).01.
28. Sarkar PP, Mallikarjuna C. Effect of perception and attitudinal variables on mode choice behavior:
a case study of Indian city, Agartala. Travel Behav Soc. 2018; 12: 108–114. doi:
10.1016/j.tbs.2017.04.003.
29. Mishra S, Welch TF, Jha MK. Performance indicators for public transit connectivity in multi-modal
transportation networks. Transport Res Part A Policy Pract. 2012; 46 (7): 1066–1085. doi:
10.1016/j.tra.2012.04.006.
30. Tiwari G, Jain D. Accessibility and safety indicators for all road users: case study Delhi BRT. J
Transport Geogr. 2012; 22: 87–95. doi: 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2011.11.020.
31. Balachandran BR, Arun JJ. Real-time multimodal transport data for measuring accessibility:
challenges and opportunities. In: Nathanail EG, Karakikes ID, editors. Data Analytics: Paving the
Way to Sustainable Urban Mobility. Cham, Switzerland: Springer; 2021. pp. 385–394. doi:
10.1007/978-3-030-55527-8_47.
32. Srinivasan S, Rogers P. Travel behavior of low-income residents: studying two contrasting
locations in the city of Chennai, India. J Transport Geogr. 2005; 13 (3): 265–274. doi:
10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2004.07.008.
33. Guzman LA, Oviedo D. Accessibility, affordability and equity: Assessing ‘pro-poor’ public
transport subsidies in Bogotá. Transport Policy. 2018; 68: 37–51. doi:
10.1016/j.tranpol.2018.04.012.
34. Zegras PC, Srinivasan S, Bhattacharjee S. Household income, travel behavior, location, and
accessibility: sketches from two different developing contexts. Transport Res Rec. 2007; 2038 (1):
128–138. doi: 10.3141/2038-17.
35. Maitra B, Dandapat S, Chintakayala PK. Modeling generalized cost of travel and its application for
improvement of taxies in Kolkata. J Urban Plann Dev. 2014; 140 (4): 04014009. doi:
10.1061/(ASCE)UP.1943-5444.0000210.
36. Badami MG, Haider M. An analysis of public bus transit performance in Indian cities. Transport
Res Part A Policy Pract. 2007; 41 (10): 961–981. doi: 10.1016/j.tra.2007.06.002.
37. Rastogi R. Willingness to shift to walking or bicycling to access suburban rail: case study of
Mumbai, India. J Urban Plann Dev. 2010; 136 (1): 3–10. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-
9488(2010)136:1(3).
38. Mani A, Pai M, Aggarwal R. Sustainable Urban Transport in India: Role of the Auto-rickshaw
Sector. Washington, DC, USA: World Resources Institute; 2012.
39. Rahman MSU, Timms P. Pre-determined fare structure for rickshaws to integrate with mass transit
using a continuous pricing strategy. Case Stud Transport Policy. 2020; 8 (1): 236–244. doi:
10.1016/j.cstp.2019.01.007.
40. Chaudhry B, Yasar AUH. Paratransit: a key element in a sustainable transportation system for
developing countries. In: Transportation Systems. Singapore: Springer; 2021. pp. 57–68. doi:
10.1007/978-981-33-4076-6_5.
41. Gadepalli R, Tiwari G, Bolia N. Role of user’s socio-economic and travel characteristics in mode
choice between city bus and informal transit services: lessons from household surveys in
Visakhapatnam, India. J Transport Geogr. 2020; 88: 102307. doi: 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2018.08.017.
42. Shirgaokar M. Employment centers and travel behavior: exploring the work commute of Mumbai’s
rapidly motorizing middle class. J Transport Geogr. 2014; 41: 249–258. doi:
10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2014.10.003.
43. Basu R, Bhattacharyya D. Accessibility and urban development: study of job location patterns and
access to employment in Mumbai. In: Proceedings of the 48th ISOCARP Congress, Perm, Russia,
September 10–13, 2012.
44. Goel R, Tiwari G. Access-egress and other travel characteristics of metro users in Delhi and its
satellite cities. IATSS Res. 2016; 39 (2): 164–172. doi: 10.1016/j.iatssr.2015.10.001.
45. Joshi R, Sharma R. Accessibility to healthcare facilities in Delhi: a gravity model approach.
Transport Res Procedia. 2020; 48: 1177–1186. doi: 10.1016/j.trpro.2020.08.158.
46. Adhvaryu B, Chopde A, Dashora L. Mapping public transport accessibility levels (PTAL) in India
and its applications: a case study of Ahmedabad. Case Stud Transport Policy. 2019; 7 (2): 293–300.
doi: 10.1016/j.cstp.2019.01.003.
47. Shah J, Adhvaryu B. Public transport accessibility levels for Ahmedabad, India. J Public Transport.
2016; 19 (3): 19–35. doi: 10.5038/2375-0901.19.3.2.
48. Puntambekar N, Agarwal A, Krishna G. Measuring and mapping pedestrian accessibility in Pune,
India. Transport Res Part D Transport Environ. 2021; 95: 102853. doi: 10.1016/j.trd.2021.102853.
49. Joshi R, Joseph Y, Chandran S. An assessment of non-motorized transport (NMT) infrastructure in
Indian cities for different age groups. Transport Policy. 2018; 68: 10–19. doi: 10.1016/j.tranpol.
2018.04.013.
50. Agarwal OP. Urban transport. In India Infrastructure Report 2006: Urban Infrastructure. New Deli,
India: Oxford University Press; 2006. pp. 106–129.
51. Mahadevia D, Joshi R, Datey A. Accessibility and Sustainability of Bus Rapid Transit in India.
Lyngby, Denmark: UNEP Risø Centre on Energy, Climate and Sustainable Development; 2013.
52. Tiwari G. Key Mobility Challenges in Indian Cities. International Transport Forum Discussion Paper
2011/18. Paris, France: International Transport Forum; 2011. doi: 10.1787/5kg9mq4fx2tb-en.
53. Sharma R, Newman P. Can land value capture make PPP’s competitive in fares? A Mumbai case
study. Transport Policy. 2018; 64: 123–131. doi: 10.1016/j.tranpol.2018.02.002.
54. Chaudhari D, Hajiani ND. Assessing accessibility challenges of bus rapid transit for urban poor in
Indian cities. J Transport Health. 2014; 1 (2): S31. doi: 10.1016/j.jth.2014.04.020.
55. Suzuki H, Cervero R, Iuchi K. Transforming Cities with Transit: Transit and Land-Use Integration
for Sustainable Urban Development. Washington, DC, USA: World Bank. doi: 10.1596/978-0-
8213-9745-9.
56. EMBARQ India. Integrating Land Use and Transport Planning for Sustainable Cities: A Guidance
Document. [Online]. 2014. Available at https://wrirosscities.org/sites/default/files/IntegratingLand-Use-and-Transport-Planning-for-Sustainable-Cities-A-Guidance-Document.pdf
57. Basu S, Vasudevan V. Effect of bicycle friendly roadway infrastructure on bicycling activities in
urban India. Procedia Soc Behav Sci. 2013; 104: 1139–1148. doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.11.210
58. Kumar A, Ramachandran P, Srinivasan KK. Evaluating the accessibility and equity impacts of
transport projects using open data: case study of Kochi metro rail, India. Int J Sustainable Transport.
2021; 15 (5): 374–386. doi: 10.1080/15568318.2020.1777340.
59. Lobo A, Shah J. GIS-based accessibility mapping tools for planning and evaluating urban
transportation projects. In: Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Innovations in Civil
Engineering, 2014. pp. 107–112.
60. Narayanan A, Niyogi D. Big data analytics for planning smart mobility: opportunities and
challenges for India. In: Nathanail EG, Karakikes ID, editors. Data Analytics: Paving the Way to
Sustainable Urban Mobility. Cham, Switzerland: Springer; 2021. pp. 395–406. doi: 10.1007/978-
3-030-55527-8_48.
61. Levinson D. Fundamentals of Transportation. Network Design Lab. [Online]. Wikibooks. 2020.
Available at https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Fundamentals_of_Transportation
62. Dhi KR, Bajracharya A, Shrestha S. Revisiting the role of transport infrastructure in trade, regional
growth and governance: developing a conceptual framework including social and environmental
dimensions. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (7): 2789. doi: 10.3390/su12072789.
63. Banister D. The sustainable mobility paradigm. Transport Policy. 2008; 15 (2): 73–80. doi:
10.1016/j.tranpol.2007.10.005.
64. Mohan D, Roy D. Operating on three wheels: auto-rickshaw drivers of Delhi. Econ Polit Wkly.
2003; 38 (3): 177–180.
65. Ravibabu K, Vandana V. Quantifying accessibility: how does non-motorized transport perform
against public transport? J Public Transport. 2021; 23 (1): 1–23. doi: 10.5038/2375-0901.23.1.1.
66. Joshi S, Belsi A, Bhatt J. Investigating accessibility concerns in Indian urban mobility market: a
case of Mumbai. Transport Res Procedia. 2021; 55: 1192–1199. doi: 10.1016/j.trpro.2021.07.108.
67. Venter C, Mahendra A, Hidalgo D. From Mobility to Access for All: Expanding Urban Transportation
Choices in the Global South. Washington, DC, USA: World Resources Institute; 2019.
68. Gupta A, Jaiswal A, Dhiman G. Capacity building of various stakeholders involved in the transport
planning process. In: Borah S, Balas VE, Polkowski Z, editors. Advances in Data Science and
Management. Singapore: Springer; 2020. pp. 365–372. doi: 10.1007/978-981-15-0978-0_34.
69. Patel A, Gurumurthy KM, Prakash VLJ. Urban transport planning process and modelling
techniques. In: Sustainable Urban Transport. New Delhi, India: Springer; 2016. pp. 47–66. doi:
10.1007/978-81-322-2785-5_4.
70. Joshi R, Sharma R. Measuring accessibility of urban transport network: a case study of Delhi, India.
Proc Inst Civil Eng Municipal Eng. 2020; 173 (2): 63–74. doi: 10.1680/jmuen.18.00056.
71. Basu R, Jana A, Bardhan R. A framework for context specific prioritizing of accessibility
indicators: case study of Kolkata, India. Transport Res Part D Transport Environ. 2020; 87: 102541.
doi: 10.1016/j.trd.2020.102541.
72. Jiang H, Levinson D. Accessibility and the evaluation of investments on the Beijing subway. J
Transport Land Use. 2017; 10 (1): 395–408. doi: 10.5198/jtlu.2017.884.
73. Purwanto J, Woltjer J. Incorporating equity into urban transport accessibility: a systematic literature
review. Transport Policy. 2021; 110: 71–85. doi: 10.1016/j.tranpol.2021.05.016.
74. Tanwar R, Agarwal PK. A rational framework to develop strategies for improvement of travel time
performance of multimodal transport system. Int J Transport Eng Traffic Syst. 2023; 9 (1): 1–12.
75. Agarwal PK, Tanwar R, Jain A. Strategies for improving travel time performance of multimodal
transport system. In: Singh D, Maji A, Karmarkar O, Gupta M, Velaga NR, Debbarma S, editors.
Transportation Research. Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering Volume 434. Singapore: Springer;
2023. pp. 449–460.

nn[/if 1104][if 1104 not_equal=””]n

    [foreach 1102]n t

  1. [if 1106 equals=””], [/if 1106][if 1106 not_equal=””],[/if 1106]
  2. n[/foreach]

n[/if 1104]

nn


nn[if 1114 equals=”Yes”]n

n[/if 1114]

n

n

[if 424 not_equal=””]Regular Issue[else]Published[/if 424] Subscription Review Article

n

n

n

n

n

Trends in Transport Engineering and Applications

n

[if 344 not_equal=””]ISSN: 2394-7284[/if 344]

n

n

n

n

n

[if 2146 equals=”Yes”][/if 2146][if 2146 not_equal=”Yes”][/if 2146]n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n[if 1748 not_equal=””]

[else]

[/if 1748]n

n

n

Volume 11
[if 424 equals=”Regular Issue”]Issue[/if 424][if 424 equals=”Special Issue”]Special Issue[/if 424] [if 424 equals=”Conference”][/if 424] 01
Received April 29, 2024
Accepted May 3, 2024
Published May 4, 2024

n

n

n

n

n

n function myFunction2() {n var x = document.getElementById(“browsefigure”);n if (x.style.display === “block”) {n x.style.display = “none”;n }n else { x.style.display = “Block”; }n }n document.querySelector(“.prevBtn”).addEventListener(“click”, () => {n changeSlides(-1);n });n document.querySelector(“.nextBtn”).addEventListener(“click”, () => {n changeSlides(1);n });n var slideIndex = 1;n showSlides(slideIndex);n function changeSlides(n) {n showSlides((slideIndex += n));n }n function currentSlide(n) {n showSlides((slideIndex = n));n }n function showSlides(n) {n var i;n var slides = document.getElementsByClassName(“Slide”);n var dots = document.getElementsByClassName(“Navdot”);n if (n > slides.length) { slideIndex = 1; }n if (n (item.style.display = “none”));n Array.from(dots).forEach(n item => (item.className = item.className.replace(” selected”, “”))n );n slides[slideIndex – 1].style.display = “block”;n dots[slideIndex – 1].className += ” selected”;n }n”}]