Long non-coded RNA, cancer, immune cells, tumor micro-environment, immuno-oncology, immune escape, cancer-immune cycle, lncRNA signature

Year : 2024 | Volume :14 | Issue : 01 | Page : 7-26
By

    Tshetiz Dahal

  1. Prabhat Moktan

  1. General Physician, Lugansk State Medical University, Lypnia St. Rivne, Ukraine
  2. Researcher, Public Health District Hospital Singtam, Sikkim, India

Abstract

Developing data from current research reveals fresh insights into the roles played by long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in immuno-oncology. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) not only influence the aggressiveness of cancer cells but also play a crucial role in controlling different immune cells and stromal cells, which in turn changes the tumor micro-environment and impacts anti-tumor immunity. The significance of predictive indicators derived from long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) is underscored by insightful discoveries concerning their involvement in immuno-oncological activities. In this context, we offer a comprehensive overview detailing the diverse functions of lncRNAs originating from immune, tumor, and stromal cells within the tumor microenvironment. We delve into elucidating their intricate processes and functional characteristics, particularly concerning immuno-oncological activities. Additionally, we explore the advantages and drawbacks associated with employing single-cell-based technologies to investigate the mechanisms underlying immune-related lncRNAs in cellular contexts. Through this comprehensive analysis, we aim to shed light on the complex interplay between lncRNAs and the immune system in the context of cancer, providing valuable insights for advancing therapeutic strategies and precision medicine approaches.

Keywords: Long non-coded RNA, cancer, immune cells, tumor micro-environment, immuno-oncology, immune escape, cancer-immune cycle, lncRNA signature

[This article belongs to Research & Reviews : A Journal of Immunology(rrjoi)]

How to cite this article: Tshetiz Dahal, Prabhat Moktan.Long non-coded RNA, cancer, immune cells, tumor micro-environment, immuno-oncology, immune escape, cancer-immune cycle, lncRNA signature.Research & Reviews : A Journal of Immunology.2024; 14(01):7-26.
How to cite this URL: Tshetiz Dahal, Prabhat Moktan , Long non-coded RNA, cancer, immune cells, tumor micro-environment, immuno-oncology, immune escape, cancer-immune cycle, lncRNA signature rrjoi 2024 {cited 2024 Apr 24};14:7-26. Available from: https://journals.stmjournals.com/rrjoi/article=2024/view=144248


References

  1. Uszczynska-Ratajczak B, Lagarde J, Frankish A, Guigó R, Johnson R. Towards a complete map of the human long non-coding RNA transcriptome. Nature Reviews Genetics. 2018 Sep;19(9):535-48.
  2. Pennisi E. Genomics. ENCODE project writes eulogy for junk DNA. Science. 2012;337(6099):1159-61.
  3. Zheng ZQ, Li ZX, Guan JL, Liu X, Li JY, Chen Y, Lin L, Kou J, Lv JW, Zhang LL, Zhou GQ. Long noncoding RNA TINCR-mediated regulation of acetyl-CoA metabolism promotes nasopharyngeal carcinoma progression and chemoresistance. Cancer research. 2020 Dec 1;80(23):5174-88.
  4. Zhang H, Hua Y, Jiang Z, Yue J, Shi M, Zhen X, et al. Cancer-associated fibroblast-promoted lncRNA DNM3OS confers radioresistance by regulating DNA damage response in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Clinical Cancer Research. 2019 Mar 15;25(6):1989-2000.
  5. Zhao L, Ji G, Le X, Wang C, Xu L, Feng M, et al. Long noncoding RNA LINC00092 acts in cancer-associated fibroblasts to drive glycolysis and progression of ovarian cancer. Cancer Research. 2017 Mar 15;77(6):1369-82.
  6. Chen DS, Mellman I. Oncology meets immunology: the cancer-immunity cycle. Immunity. 2013 Jul 25;39(1):1-0.
  7. Shi X, Liu Z, Liu Z, Feng X, Hua F, Hu X, et al. Long noncoding RNA PCAT6 functions as an oncogene by binding to EZH2 and suppressing LATS2 in non-small-cell lung cancer. EBioMedicine. 2018 Nov 1;37:177-87.
  8. Dong F, Ruan S, Wang J, Xia Y, Le K, Xiao X, Hu T, Wang Q. M2 macrophage-induced lncRNA PCAT6 facilitates tumorigenesis and angiogenesis of triple-negative breast cancer through modulation of VEGFR2. Cell death & disease. 2020 Sep 9;11(9):728.
  9. Lang C, Yin C, Lin K, Li Y, Yang Q, Wu Z, Du H, Ren D, Dai Y, Peng X. m6A modification of lncRNA PCAT6 promotes bone metastasis in prostate cancer through IGF2BP2‐mediated IGF1R mRNA stabilization. Clinical and translational medicine. 2021 Jun;11(6):e426
  10. Tu J, Wu F, Chen L, Zheng L, Yang Y, Ying X, et al. Long non-coding RNA PCAT6 induces M2 polarization of macrophages in cholangiocarcinoma via modulating miR-326 and RhoA-ROCK signaling pathway. Frontiers in Oncology. 2021 Jan 21; 10:605877.
  11. Hu Y, Ma Z, He Y, Liu W, Su Y, Tang Z. LncRNA-SNHG1 contributes to gastric cancer cell proliferation by regulating DNMT1. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2017 Sep 30;491(4):926-31.
  12. Pei X, Wang X, Li H. LncRNA SNHG1 regulates the differentiation of Treg cells and affects the immune escape of breast cancer via regulating miR-448/IDO. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 2018 Oct 15; 118:24-30.
  13. Wu W, Chen F, Cui X, Yang L, Chen J, Zhao J, et al. LncRNA NKILA suppresses TGF‐β‐induced epithelial–mesenchymal transition by blocking NF‐κB signaling in breast cancer. International Journal of Cancer. 2018 Nov 1;143(9):2213-24.
  14. Huang D, Chen J, Yang L, Ouyang Q, Li J, Lao L, et al. NKILA lncRNA promotes tumor immune evasion by sensitizing T cells to activation-induced cell death. Nature Immunology. 2018 Oct;19(10):1112-25.
  15. Huang D, Chen J, Yang L, Ouyang Q, Li J, Lao L, et al. NKILA lncRNA promotes tumor immune evasion by sensitizing T cells to activation-induced cell death. Nature Immunology. 2018 Oct;19(10):1112-25.
  16. Zhang J, Li Y, Dong M, Wu D. Long noncoding RNA NEAT1 regulates E2F3 expression by competitively binding to miR 377 in non-small cell lung cancer. Oncology Letters. 2017 Oct 1;14(4):4983-8.
  17. Chakravarty D, Sboner A, Nair SS, Giannopoulou E, Li R, Hennig S, et al. The oestrogen receptor alpha-regulated lncRNA NEAT1 is a critical modulator of prostate cancer. Nature Communications. 2014 Nov 21;5(1):5383.
  18. Yan K, Fu Y, Zhu N, Wang Z, Hong JL, Li Y, et al. Repression of lncRNA NEAT1 enhances the antitumor activity of CD8+ T cells against hepatocellular carcinoma via regulating miR-155/Tim-3. The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology. 2019 May 1; 110:1-8.
  19. Singh AV, Maharjan RS, Kromer C, Laux P, Luch A, Vats T, et al. Advances in smoking related in vitro inhalation toxicology: A perspective case of challenges and opportunities from progresses in lung-on-chip technologies. Chemical Research in Toxicology. 2021 Aug 16;34(9):1984-2002.
  20. Zeng C, Xu Y, Xu L, Yu X, Cheng J, Yang L, et al. Inhibition of long non-coding RNA NEAT1 impairs myeloid differentiation in acute promyelocytic leukemia cells. BMC Cancer. 2014 Dec;14(1):693
  21. Zheng A, Song X, Zhang L, Zhao L, Mao X, Wei M, et al. Long non-coding RNA LUCAT1/miR-5582-3p/TCF7L2 axis regulates breast cancer stemness via Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research. 2019 Dec;38(1):305.
  22. Huan L, Guo T, Wu Y, Xu L, Huang S, Xu Y, et al. Hypoxia induced LUCAT1/PTBP1 axis modulates cancer cell viability and chemotherapy response. Molecular Cancer. 2020 Dec; 19:11.
  23. Agarwal S, Vierbuchen T, Ghosh S, Chan J, Jiang Z, Kandasamy RK, et al. The long non-coding RNA LUCAT1 is a negative feedback regulator of interferon responses in humans. Nature Communications. 2020 Dec 11;11(1):6348.
  24. Song B, Guan Z, Liu F, Sun D, Wang K, Qu H. Long non-coding RNA HOTAIR promotes HLA-G expression via inhibiting miR-152 in gastric cancer cells. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2015 Aug 28;464(3):807-13.
  25. Sun J, Chu H, Ji J, Huo G, Song Q, Zhang X. Long non-coding RNA HOTAIR modulates HLA-G expression by absorbing miR-148a in human cervical cancer. International Journal of Oncology. 2016 Sep 1;49(3):943-52.
  26. Wang Y, Yi K, Liu X, Tan Y, Jin W, Li Y, et al. HOTAIR up-regulation activates NF-κB to induce immunoescape in gliomas. Frontiers in Immunology. 2021 Nov 23; 12:785463.
  27. Obaid M, Udden SM, Deb P, Shihabeddin N, Zaki M, Mandal SS. LncRNA HOTAIR regulates lipopolysaccharide-induced cytokine expression and inflammatory response in macrophages. Scientific Reports. 2018 Oct 23;8(1):15670
  28. Obaid M, Udden SN, Alluri P, Mandal SS. LncRNA HOTAIR regulates glucose transporter Glut1 expression and glucose uptake in macrophages during inflammation. Scientific Reports. 2021 Jan 8;11(1):232.
  29. Yao Z, Xiong Z, Li R, Liang H, Jia C, Deng M. Long non-coding RNA NRON is downregulated in HCC and suppresses tumour cell proliferation and metastasis. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 2018 Aug 1;104:102-9.
  30. Yuan X, Shen Q, Ma W. Long Noncoding RNA hotair promotes the progression and immune escape in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma through MicroRNA-30a/GRP78/PD-L1 Axis. Journal of Immunology Research. 2022 Apr 4;2022: 5141426.
  31. Liu B, Sun L, Liu Q, Gong C, Yao Y, Lv X, et al. A cytoplasmic NF-κB interacting long noncoding RNA blocks IκB phosphorylation and suppresses breast cancer metastasis. Cancer Cell. 2015 Mar 9;27(3):370-81.
  32. Zhang M, Zheng Y, Sun Y, Li S, Chen L, Jin X, et al. Knockdown of NEAT1 induces tolerogenic phenotype in dendritic cells by inhibiting activation of NLRP3 inflammasome. Theranostics. 2019;9(12):3425-42.
  33. Musahl AS, Huang X, Rusakiewicz S, Ntini E, Marsico A, Kroemer G, et al. A long non-coding RNA links calreticulin-mediated immunogenic cell removal to RB1 transcription. Oncogene. 2015 Sep;34(39):5046-54.
  34. Raghavan M, Wijeyesakere SJ, Peters LR, Del Cid N. Calreticulin in the immune system: ins and outs. Trends in Immunology. 2013 Jan 1;34(1):13-21.
  35. Chao MP, Jaiswal S, Weissman-Tsukamoto R, Alizadeh AA, Gentles AJ, Volkmer J, et al. Calreticulin is the dominant pro-phagocytic signal on multiple human cancers and is counterbalanced by CD47. Science Translational Medicine. 2010 Dec 22;2(63):63ra94.
  36. Li G, Kryczek I, Nam J, Li X, Li S, Li J, et al. LIMIT is an immunogenic lncRNA in cancer immunity and immunotherapy. Nature Cell Biology. 2021 May;23(5):526-37.
  37. Li H, Xiong HG, Xiao Y, Yang QC, Yang SC, Tang HC, et al. Long non-coding RNA LINC02195 as a regulator of MHC I molecules and favorable prognostic marker for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Frontiers in Oncology. 2020 May 6;10:615.
  38. Doroshow DB, Bhalla S, Beasley MB, Sholl LM, Kerr KM, Gnjatic S, et al. PD-L1 as a biomarker of response to immune-checkpoint inhibitors. Nature reviews Clinical Oncology. 2021 Jun;18(6):345-62.
  39. Wang CJ, Zhu CC, Xu J, Wang M, Zhao WY, Liu Q, et al. The lncRNA UCA1 promotes proliferation, migration, immune escape and inhibits apoptosis in gastric cancer by sponging anti-tumor miRNAs. Molecular Cancer. 2019 Dec;18(1):115.
  40. Wang X, Zhang Y, Zheng J, Yao C, Lu X. LncRNA UCA1 attenuated the killing effect of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells on anaplastic thyroid carcinoma via miR-148a/PD-L1 pathway. Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy. 2021 Aug;70:2235-45.
  41. Wang QM, Lian GY, Song Y, Huang YF, Gong Y. LncRNA MALAT1 promotes tumorigenesis and immune escape of diffuse large B cell lymphoma by sponging miR-195. Life Sciences. 2019 Aug 15;231:116335.
  42. Wei S, Wang K, Huang X, Zhao Z, Zhao Z. LncRNA MALAT1 contributes to non-small cell lung cancer progression via modulating miR-200a-3p/programmed death-ligand 1 axis. International journal of immunopathology and pharmacology. 2019 Jun;33:2058738419859699.
  43. Zhao L, Liu Y, Zhang J, Liu Y, Qi Q. LncRNA SNHG14/miR-5590-3p/ZEB1 positive feedback loop promoted diffuse large B cell lymphoma progression and immune evasion through regulating PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint. Cell Death & Disease. 2019 Sep 30;10(10):731.
  44. Zhou WY, Zhang MM, Liu C, Kang Y, Wang JO, Yang XH. Long noncoding RNA LINC00473 drives the progression of pancreatic cancer via upregulating programmed death‐ligand 1 by sponging microRNA‐195‐5p. Journal of Cellular Physiology. 2019 Dec;234(12):23176-89.
  45. Ma H, Chang H, Yang W, Lu Y, Hu J, Jin S. A novel IFNα-induced long noncoding RNA negatively regulates immunosuppression by interrupting H3K27 acetylation in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Molecular Cancer. 2020 Dec;19:1-6.
  46. Zhang Y, Dong X, Wang Y, Wang L, Han G, Jin L, et al. Overexpression of LncRNA BM466146 predicts better prognosis of breast cancer. Frontiers in Oncology. 2021 Jan 29;10:628757.
  47. Wang Y, Yang L, Dong X, Yang X, Zhang X, Liu Z, et al. Overexpression of NNT-AS1 activates TGF-β signaling to decrease tumor CD4 lymphocyte infiltration in hepatocellular carcinoma. BioMed Research International. 2020 Dec 24;2020:8216541.
  48. Sun CC, Zhu W, Li SJ, Hu W, Zhang J, Zhuo Y, Zhang H, Wang J, Zhang Y, Huang SX, He QQ. FOXC1-mediated LINC00301 facilitates tumor progression and triggers an immune-suppressing microenvironment in non-small cell lung cancer by regulating the HIF1α pathway. Genome Medicine. 2020 Dec;12(1):77.
  49. Zhang Y, Li X, Zhang J, Liang H. Natural killer T cell cytotoxic activity in cervical cancer is facilitated by the LINC00240/microRNA-124-3p/STAT3/MICA axis. Cancer Letters. 2020 Apr 1;474:63-73.
  50. Sang LJ, Ju HQ, Liu GP, Tian T, Ma GL, Lu YX, et al. LncRNA CamK-A regulates Ca2+-signaling-mediated tumor microenvironment remodeling. Molecular Cell. 2018 Oct 4;72(1):71-83.e7.
  51. Yu X, Wang D, Wang X, Sun S, Zhang Y, Wang S, et al. CXCL12/CXCR4 promotes inflammation-driven colorectal cancer progression through activation of RhoA signaling by sponging miR-133a-3p. Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research. 2019 Dec; 38:32.
  52. Singh AV, Chandrasekar V, Laux P, Luch A, Dakua SP, Zamboni P, et al. Micropatterned Neurovascular Interface to Mimic the Blood-Brain Barrier’s Neurophysiology and Micromechanical Function: A BBB-on-CHIP Model. Cells. 2022 Sep 8;11(18):2801.
  53. Wang S, Liang K, Hu Q, Li P, Song J, Yang Y, Yao J, Mangala LS, Li C, Yang W, Park PK. JAK2-binding long noncoding RNA promotes breast cancer brain metastasis. The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2017 Dec 1;127(12):4498-515.
  54. Chen C, He W, Huang J, Wang B, Li H, Cai Q, et al. LNMAT1 promotes lymphatic metastasis of bladder cancer via CCL2 dependent macrophage recruitment. Nature Communications. 2018 Sep 20;9(1):3826.
  55. Mohapatra S, Pioppini C, Ozpolat B, Calin GA. Non-coding RNAs regulation of macrophage polarization in cancer. Molecular Cancer. 2021 Dec; 20:24.
  56. Liang ZX, Liu HS, Wang FW, Xiong L, Zhou C, Hu T, et al.  RPPH1 promotes colorectal cancer metastasis by interacting with TUBB3 and by promoting exosomes-mediated macrophage M2 polarization. Cell Death & Disease. 2019 Nov 4;10(11):829.
  57. Chen Y, Hong C, Qu J, Chen J, Qin Z. Knockdown of lncRNA PCAT6 suppresses the growth of non-small cell lung cancer cells by inhibiting macrophages M2 polarization via miR-326/KLF1 axis. Bioengineered. 2022 May 2;13(5):12834-46.
  58. Tian X, Wu Y, Yang Y, Wang J, Niu M, Gao S, et al. Long noncoding RNA LINC00662 promotes M2 macrophage polarization and hepatocellular carcinoma progression via activating Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Molecular Oncology. 2020 Feb;14(2):462-83.
  59. Hou ZH, Xu XW, Fu XY, Zhou LD, Liu SP, Tan DM. Long non-coding RNA MALAT1 promotes angiogenesis and immunosuppressive properties of HCC cells by sponging miR-140. American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology. 2020 Mar 1;318(3):C649-63.
  60. Shang A, Wang W, Gu C, Chen C, Zeng B, Yang Y, et al. Long non-coding RNA HOTTIP enhances IL-6 expression to potentiate immune escape of ovarian cancer cells by upregulating the expression of PD-L1 in neutrophils. Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research. 2019 Dec;38(1):411.
  61. Wang T, Cao L, Dong X, Wu F, De W, Huang L, et al. LINC01116 promotes tumor proliferation and neutrophil recruitment via DDX5-mediated regulation of IL-1β in glioma cell. Cell Death & Disease. 2020 May 1;11(5):302.
  62. Tong Y, Yang L, Yu C, Zhu W, Zhou X, Xiong Y, et al. Tumor-secreted exosomal lncRNA POU3F3 promotes cisplatin resistance in ESCC by inducing fibroblast differentiation into CAFs. Molecular Therapy-Oncolytics. 2020 Sep 25;18:1-3.
  63. Hu T, Hu J. Melanoma-derived exosomes induce reprogramming fibroblasts into cancer-associated fibroblasts via Gm26809 delivery. Cell Cycle. 2019 Nov 17;18(22):3085-94.
  64. Collier SP, Collins PL, Williams CL, Boothby MR, Aune TM. Cutting edge: influence of Tmevpg1, a long intergenic noncoding RNA, on the expression of Ifng by Th1 cells. The Journal of Immunology. 2012 Sep 1;189(5):2084-8.
  65. Gao Y, Shang W, Zhang D, Zhang S, Zhang X, Zhang Y, et al. Lnc-C/EBPβ modulates differentiation of MDSCs through downregulating IL4i1 with C/EBPβ LIP and WDR5. Frontiers in Immunology. 2019 Jul 17;10:1661.
  66. Tian X, Zheng Y, Yin K, Ma J, Tian J, Zhang Y, et al. LncRNA AK036396 inhibits maturation and accelerates immunosuppression of polymorphonuclear myeloid-derived suppressor cells by enhancing the stability of ficolin BLncRNA AK036396/Fcnb accelerates PMN-MDSC immunosuppression. Cancer Immunology Research. 2020 Apr 1;8(4):565-77.
  67. Shang W, Gao Y, Tang Z, Zhang Y, Yang R. The Pseudogene Olfr29-ps1 Promotes the Suppressive Function and Differentiation of Monocytic MDSCsOlfr29-ps1 Regulates MDSC Differentiation. Cancer Immunology Research. 2019 May 1;7(5):813-27.
  68. Kanduri K, Tripathi S, Larjo A, Mannerström H, Ullah U, Lund R, et al. Identification of global regulators of T-helper cell lineage specification. Genome Medicine. 2015 Dec;7:122.
  69. Panzeri I, Rossetti G, Abrignani S, Pagani M. Long intergenic non-coding RNAs: Novel drivers of human lymphocyte differentiation. Frontiers in Immunology. 2015 Apr 15;6:175.
  70. Pang KC, Dinger ME, Mercer TR, Malquori L, Grimmond SM, Chen W, et al. Genome-wide identification of long noncoding RNAs in CD8+ T cells. The Journal of Immunology. 2009 Jun 15;182(12):7738-48.
  71. Zhang W, Yang M, Yu L, Hu Y, Deng Y, Liu Y, et al. Long non‐coding RNA lnc‐DC in dendritic cells regulates trophoblast invasion via p‐STAT3‐mediated TIMP/MMP expression. American Journal of Reproductive Immunology. 2020 Jun;83(6):e13239.
  72. Kotzin JJ, Spencer SP, McCright SJ, Kumar DB, Collet MA, Mowel WK, et al. The long non-coding RNA Morrbid regulates Bim and short-lived myeloid cell lifespan. 2016 Sep 8;537(7619):239-43.
  73. Chen MT, Lin HS, Shen C, Ma YN, Wang F, Zhao HL, et al. 1-regulated long noncoding RNA lnc-MC controls human monocyte/macrophage differentiation through interaction with microRNA 199a-5p. Molecular and Cellular Biology. 2015 Sep 15;35(18):3212-24.
  74. Jiang R, Tang J, Chen Y, Deng L, Ji J, Xie Y, et al. The long noncoding RNA lnc-EGFR stimulates T-regulatory cells differentiation thus promoting hepatocellular carcinoma immune evasion. Nature Communications. 2017 May 25;8(1):15129.
  75. Liu YJ. Dendritic cell subsets and lineages, and their functions in innate and adaptive immunity. Cell. 2001 Aug 10;106(3):259-62.
  76. Wang P, Xue Y, Han Y, Lin L, Wu C, Xu S, et al. The STAT3-binding long noncoding RNA lnc-DC controls human dendritic cell differentiation. Science. 2014 Apr 18;344(6181):310-3.
  77. Liu J, Zhang X, Chen K, Cheng Y, Liu S, Xia M, et al. CCR7 chemokine receptor-inducible lnc-Dpf3 restrains dendritic cell migration by inhibiting HIF-1α-mediated glycolysis. Immunity. 2019 Mar 19;50(3):600-15.
  78. Ji J, Yin Y, Ju H, Xu X, Liu W, Fu Q, Hu J, Zhang X, Sun B. Long non-coding RNA Lnc-Tim3 exacerbates CD8 T cell exhaustion via binding to Tim-3 and inducing nuclear translocation of Bat3 in HCC. Cell Death & Disease. 2018 Apr 30;9(5):478.
  79. Cao J, Dong R, Jiang L, Gong Y, Yuan M, You J, et al. LncRNA-MM2P identified as a modulator of macrophage M2 PolarizationlncRNA-MM2P regulates M2 macrophage polarization. Cancer Immunology Research. 2019 Feb 1;7(2):292-305.
  80. Ye Y, Xu Y, Lai YU, He W, Li Y, Wang R, Luo X, Chen R, Chen T. Long non-coding RNA cox-2 prevents immune evasion and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma by altering M1/M2 macrophage polarization. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry. 2018 Mar;119(3):2951-63.
  81. Zhou YX, Zhao W, Mao LW, Wang YL, Xia LQ, Cao M, Shen J, Chen J. Long non-coding RNA NIFK-AS1 inhibits M2 polarization of macrophages in endometrial cancer through targeting miR-146a. The International Journal of Biochemistry & cell biology. 2018 Nov 1;104:25-33.
  82. Zhou L, Tian Y, Guo F, Yu B, Li J, Xu H, et al. LincRNA-p21 knockdown reversed tumor-associated macrophages function by promoting MDM2 to antagonize* p53 activation and alleviate breast cancer development. Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy. 2020 May;69:835-46.
  83. Li X, Lei Y, Wu M, Li N. Regulation of macrophage activation and polarization by HCC-derived exosomal lncRNA TUC339. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2018 Sep 28;19(10):2958.
  84. Xie C, Guo Y, Lou S. LncRNA ANCR promotes invasion and migration of gastric cancer by regulating FoxO1 expression to inhibit macrophage M1 polarization. Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 2020 Oct;65:2863-72.
  85. Wu Y, Yi M, Niu M, Mei Q, Wu K. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells: an emerging target for anticancer immunotherapy. Molecular Cancer. 2022 Sep 26;21(1):184.
  86. Zheng Y, Tian X, Wang T, Xia X, Cao F, Tian J, et al. Long noncoding RNA Pvt1 regulates the immunosuppression activity of granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells in tumor-bearing mice. Molecular Cancer. 2019 Dec; 18:61.
  87. Gao Y, Sun W, Shang W, Li Y, Zhang D, Wang T, et al. Lnc-C/EBPβ negatively regulates the suppressive function of myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Cancer Immunology Research. 2018 Nov;6(11):1352-63.
  88. Gao Y, Wang T, Li Y, Zhang Y, Yang R. Lnc-chop promotes immunosuppressive function of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in tumor and inflammatory environments. The Journal of Immunology. 2018 Apr 15;200(8):2603-14.
  89. Chen F, Chen J, Yang L, Liu J, Zhang X, Zhang Y, et al. Extracellular vesicle-packaged HIF-1α-stabilizing lncRNA from tumour-associated macrophages regulates aerobic glycolysis of breast cancer cells. Nature Cell Biology. 2019 Apr;21(4):498-510.
  90. Mi X, Xu R, Hong S, Xu T, Zhang W, Liu M. M2 macrophage-derived exosomal lncRNA AFAP1-AS1 and MicroRNA-26a affect cell migration and metastasis in esophageal cancer. Molecular Therapy-Nucleic Acids. 2020 Dec 4; 22:779-90.
  91. Chen Y, McAndrews KM, Kalluri R. Clinical and therapeutic relevance of cancer-associated fibroblasts. Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology. 2021 Dec;18(12):792-804.
  92. Ding L, Ren J, Zhang D, Li Y, Huang X, Hu Q, et al. A novel stromal lncRNA signature reprograms fibroblasts to promote the growth of oral squamous cell carcinoma via LncRNA-CAF/interleukin-33. Carcinogenesis. 2018 Mar 8;39(3):397-406.
  93. Ren J, Ding L, Zhang D, Shi G, Xu Q, Shen S, et al. Carcinoma-associated fibroblasts promote the stemness and chemoresistance of colorectal cancer by transferring exosomal lncRNA H19. Theranostics. 2018;8(14):3932-48.
  94. Deng X, Ruan H, Zhang X, Xu X, Zhu Y, Peng H, et al. Long noncoding RNA CCAL transferred from fibroblasts by exosomes promotes chemoresistance of colorectal cancer cells. International Journal of Cancer. 2020 Mar 15;146(6):1700-16.
  95. Jin N, Jin N, Bu W, Li X, Liu L, Wang Z, et al. Long non-coding RNA TIRY promotes tumor metastasis by enhancing epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in oral cancer. Experimental Biology and Medicine. 2020 Apr;245(7):585-96.
  96. Liu T, Han C, Fang P, Ma Z, Wang X, Chen H, et al. Cancer-associated fibroblast-specific lncRNA LINC01614 enhances glutamine uptake in lung adenocarcinoma. Journal of Hematology & Oncology. 2022 Dec;15(1):141.
  97. Li Y, Zhao Z, Liu W, Li X. SNHG3 functions as miRNA sponge to promote breast cancer cells growth through the metabolic reprogramming. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology. 2020 Jul;191(3):1084-99.
  98. Leisegang MS, Fork C, Josipovic I, Richter FM, Preussner J, Hu J, et al. Long noncoding RNA MANTIS facilitates endothelial angiogenic function. Circulation. 2017 Jul 4;136(1):65-79.
  99. Yan B, Yao J, Liu JY, Li XM, Wang XQ, Li YJ, et al. lncRNA-MIAT regulates microvascular dysfunction by functioning as a competing endogenous RNA. Circulation Research. 2015 Mar 27;116(7):1143-56.
  100. Parasramka MA, Maji S, Matsuda A, Yan IK, Patel T. Long non-coding RNAs as novel targets for therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma. Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2016 May 1;161:67-78.
  101. Gutschner T, Baas M, Diederichs S. Noncoding RNA gene silencing through genomic integration of RNA destabilizing elements using zinc finger nucleases. Genome Res. 2011;21(11):1944-54.
  102. Wheeler TM, Leger AJ, Pandey SK, et al. Targeting nuclear RNA for in vivo correction of myotonic dystrophy. Nature. 2012;488(7409):111-5.
  103. Hu Q, Ye Y, Chan LC, et al. Oncogenic lncRNA downregulates cancer cell antigen presentation and intrinsic tumor suppression. Nat Immunol. 2019;20(7):835-51.
  104. Mou X, Liew SW, Kwok CK. Identification and targeting of G-quadruplex structures in MALAT1 long non-coding RNA. Nucleic acids research. 2022;50(1):397-410.
  105. Andergassen D, Rinn JL. From genotype to phenotype: genetics of mammalian long non-coding RNAs in vivo. Nature Reviews Genetics. 2022 Apr;23(4):229-43.
  106. Zhang Y, Liu Q, Liao Q. Long noncoding RNA: a dazzling dancer in tumor immune microenvironment. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2020;39(1):231.
  107. Winkle M, El-Daly SM, Fabbri M, et al. Noncoding RNA therapeutics – challenges and potential solutions. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2021;20(8):629-51.
  108. Pathania AS, Prathipati P, Challagundla KB. New insights into exosome mediated tumor-immune escape: Clinical perspectives and therapeutic strategies. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer. 2021;1876(2):188624.
  109. He SW, Xu C, Li YQ, Li YQ, Zhao Y, Zhang PP, et al. AR-induced long non-coding RNA LINC01503 facilitates proliferation and metastasis via the SFPQ-FOSL1 axis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Oncogene. 2020 Aug 20;39(34):5616-32.
  110. Zheng ZQ, Li ZX, Zhou GQ, Lin L, Zhang LL, Lv JW, et al. Long noncoding RNA FAM225A promotes nasopharyngeal carcinoma tumorigenesis and metastasis by acting as ceRNA to sponge miR-590-3p/miR-1275 and upregulate ITGB3. Cancer Research. 2019 Sep 15;79(18):4612-26.
  111. Li ZX, Zheng ZQ, Yang PY, Lin L, Zhou GQ, Lv JW, et al. WTAP-mediated m6A modification of lncRNA DIAPH1-AS1 enhances its stability to facilitate nasopharyngeal carcinoma growth and metastasis. Cell Death & Differentiation. 2022 Jun;29(6):1137-51.
  112. Wen X, Tang X, Li Y, Ren X, He Q, Yang X, et al. Microarray expression profiling of long non-coding RNAs involved in nasopharyngeal carcinoma metastasis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2016 Nov 23;17(11):1956.
  113. Liang YL, Zhang Y, Tan XR, Qiao H, Liu SR, Tang LL, et al. A lncRNA signature associated with tumor immune heterogeneity predicts distant metastasis in locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Nature Communications. 2022 May 30;13(1):2996.
  114. Li Y, Jiang T, Zhou W, Li J, Li X, Wang Q, Jin X, Yin J, Chen L, Zhang Y, Xu J. Pan-cancer characterization of immune-related lncRNAs identifies potential oncogenic biomarkers. Nature communications. 2020 Feb 21;11(1):1000.
  115. Zhang Y, Zhang L, Xu Y, Wu X, Zhou Y, Mo J. Immune-related long noncoding RNA signature for predicting survival and immune checkpoint blockade in hepatocellular carcinoma. Journal of Cellular Physiology. 2020 Dec;235(12):9304-16.
  116. Wang J, Shen C, Dong D, Zhong X, Wang Y, Yang X. Identification and verification of an immune-related lncRNA signature for predicting the prognosis of patients with bladder cancer. International Immunopharmacology. 2021 Jan 1;90:107146.
  117. Sun J, Zhang Z, Bao S, Yan C, Hou P, Wu N, et al. Identification of tumor immune infiltration-associated lncRNAs for improving prognosis and immunotherapy response of patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Journal for Immunotherapy of Cancer. 2020;8(1).
  118. Zhou M, Zhang Z, Bao S, Hou P, Yan C, Su J, Sun J. Computational recognition of lncRNA signature of tumor-infiltrating B lymphocytes with potential implications in prognosis and immunotherapy of bladder cancer. Briefings in Bioinformatics. 2021 May;22(3):bbaa047.
  119. Liu Z, Liu L, Weng S, Guo C, Dang Q, Xu H, et al. Machine learning-based integration develops an immune-derived lncRNA signature for improving outcomes in colorectal cancer. Nature Communications. 2022 Feb 10;13(1):816.
  120. Wang L, Felts SJ, Van Keulen VP, Scheid AD, Block MS, Markovic SN, et al. Integrative genome-wide analysis of long noncoding RNAs in diverse immune cell types of melanoma Patients Characterization of long noncoding RNAs in melanoma. Cancer Research. 2018 Aug 1;78(15):4411-23.
  121. Zhou J, Xu J, Zhang L, Liu S, Ma Y, Wen X, et al. Combined single-cell profiling of lncRNAs and functional screening reveals that H19 is pivotal for embryonic hematopoietic stem cell development. Cell Stem Cell. 2019 Feb 7;24(2):285-98.e5.
  122. Liu SJ, Nowakowski TJ, Pollen AA, Lui JH, Horlbeck MA, Attenello FJ, et al. Single-cell analysis of long non-coding RNAs in the developing human neocortex. Genome Biology. 2016 Dec;17:67.
  123. Vallot C, Patrat C, Collier AJ, Huret C, Casanova M, Ali TM, et al. XACT noncoding RNA competes with XIST in the control of X chromosome activity during human early development. Cell Stem Cell. 2017 Jan 5;20(1):102-11.
  124. Aznaourova M, Schmerer N, Janga H, Zhang Z, Pauck K, Bushe J, et al. Single-cell RNA sequencing uncovers the nuclear decoy lincRNA PIRAT as a regulator of systemic monocyte immunity during COVID-19. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2022 Sep 6;119(36):e2120680119.
  125. Wang Y, Huang L, Wang Y, Luo W, Li F, Xiao J, et al. Single-cell RNA-sequencing analysis identifies host long noncoding RNA MAMDC2-AS1 as a co-factor for HSV-1 nuclear transport. International Journal of Biological Sciences. 2020;16(9):1586-603.
  126. Singh AV, Kayal A, Malik A, Maharjan RS, Dietrich P, Thissen A, et al. Interfacial Water in the SARS Spike Protein: Investigating the Interaction with Human ACE2 Receptor and In Vitro Uptake in A549 Cells. Langmuir. 2022 Jun 23;38(26):7976-88.
  127. Chandrasekar V, Singh AV, Maharjan RS, Dakua SP, Balakrishnan S, Dash S, et al. Perspectives on the Technological Aspects and Biomedical Applications of Virus-Like Particles/Nanoparticles in Reproductive Biology: Insights on the Medicinal and Toxicological Outlook. Advanced NanoBiomed Research. 2022 Aug;2(8):2200010.
  128. Li X, Meng X, Wei C, Zhou Y, Chen H, Huang H, Chen M. Dissecting LncRNA Roles in Renal Cell Carcinoma Metastasis and Characterizing Genomic Heterogeneity by Single-Cell RNA-seqLncRNA Profiling of RCC Metastasis. Molecular Cancer Research. 2018 Dec 1;16(12):1879-88.
  129. Xu M, Zhou C, Weng J, Chen Z, Zhou Q, Gao J, et al. Tumor associated macrophages-derived exosomes facilitate hepatocellular carcinoma malignance by transferring lncMMPA to tumor cells and activating glycolysis pathway. Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research. 2022 Aug 19;41(1):253.
  130. Dlamini Z. Artificial Intelligence and Precision Oncology: Bridging Cancer Research and Clinical Decision Support. Springer Cham. 2023, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-21506-3.
  131. Tibshirani R. The lasso method for variable selection in the Cox model. Statistics in Medicine. 1997 Feb 28;16(4):385-95.
  132. Koelzer VH, Sirinukunwattana K, Rittscher J, Mertz KD. Precision immunoprofiling by image analysis and artificial intelligence. Virchows Archiv. 2019 Apr 1;474:511-22.
  133. Dakua SP, Abi-Nahed J. Patient oriented graph-based image segmentation. Biomedical Signal Processing and Control. 2013 May 1;8(3):325-32.
  134. Dakua SP, Abinahed J, Al-Ansari AA. Pathological liver segmentation using stochastic resonance and cellular automata. Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representation. 2016 Jan 1;34:89-102.
  135. Dakua SP. Use of chaos concept in medical image segmentation. Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering: Imaging & Visualization. 2013 Mar 1;1(1):28-36.
  136. Horai Y, Mizukawa M, Nishina H, Nishikawa S, Ono Y, Takemoto K, et al. Quantification of histopathological findings using a novel image analysis platform. Journal of Toxicologic Pathology. 2019;32(4):319-27.
  137. Willingham AT, Orth AP, Batalov S, Peters EC, Wen BG, Aza-Blanc P, et al. A strategy for probing the function of noncoding RNAs finds a repressor of NFAT. Science. 2005 Sep 2;309(5740):1570-3.
Regular Issue Subscription Review Article
Volume 14
Issue 01
Received March 11, 2024
Accepted March 14, 2024
Published April 24, 2024
Views: 244