Open Access
Dr. Narinder Kumar
Dr. Satish Kumar
Dr. Gurkirat Singh Bhatia
Dr. Aishna Mahajan
Dr. Harpreet Singh
- Associate Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chandigarh Engineering College-CGC, Landran Punjab India
- Associate Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chandigarh Engineering College-CGC, Landran Punjab India
- Assistant Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chandigarh Engineering College-CGC, Landran Punjab India
- Associate Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chandigarh Engineering College-CGC, Landran Punjab India
- Associate Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chandigarh University Punjab India
Abstract
Metallic material formability study is critical in a variety of industrial areas, including automotive, aerospace, and manufacturing. The present study aims to investigate the formability properties of steel and copper-based alloy sheets using the Erichsen cupping test machine, an established technique for evaluating sheet metal formability. The process involves manufacturing identical steel and copper-based alloy specimens and subjecting them to the Erichsen cupping test. The test determines the maximum deformation depth of a metal sheet before fracture, providing significant information on its formability. The test results were examined and compared to identify the differences in formability between steel and copper-based alloy sheets. The formability properties of each material factor, such as strain distribution, ductility, and fracture behavior, were studied. The study reveals that steel has greater formability than copper-based alloys. This conclusion is based on the fact that when steel sheets are tested using the Erichsen cupping test, they may endure a greater degree of deformation before fracturing. The strain distribution study demonstrates the distinct ways the two materials respond to the deformation process, exhibiting their differential formability characteristics. The study offers precise information on the maximum deformation depth of copper-based alloy and steel sheets before fracture. This quantity acts as an evident predictor of formability. Steel sheets have greater deformation depths than copper-based alloy, which indicates superior formability when measured in terms of maximum deformation before failure, according to the results.
Keywords: Formability, Steel, Copper, Erichsen Cupping test
[This article belongs to Special Issue under section in Journal of Polymer and Composites(jopc)]
Browse Figures
References
Hashemi, S.J., Roohi, A.H.: Minimizing spring-back and thinning in deep drawing process of St14 steel sheets. Int. J. Interact. Des. Manuf. 16, 381–388 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12008-021-00816-7
Kamikawa, N., Morino, H.: Quantitative Analysis of Load–Displacement Curves in Erichsen Cupping Test for Low Carbon Steel Sheet. Metall. Mater. Trans. A Phys. Metall. Mater. Sci. 50, 5023–5037 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-019-05418-3
Mahajan, A., Singh, H., Kumar, S., Kumar, S.: Mechanical properties assessment of TIG welded SS 304 joints. Mater. Today Proc. 56, 3073–3077 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.12.133
Kumar, S., Mahajan, A., Kumar, S., Singh, H.: Friction stir welding: Types, merits & demerits, applications, process variables & effect of tool pin profile. Mater. Today Proc. 56, 3051–3057 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.12.097
Thakur, R., Kumar, N.: Optimization of Surface Roughness and Improving Profile Accuracy in SPIF ( Single Point Incremental Forming ) Process. Int. J. Curr. Eng. Technol. 5, 2048–2052 (2015)
Logesh, K., Bupesh Raja, V.K., Velu, R.: Experimental investigation for characterization of formability of epoxy based fiber metal laminates using erichsen cupping test method. Indian J. Sci. Technol. 8, (2015). https://doi.org/10.17485/ijst/2015/v8i33/72244
Gupta, S., Dubey, N.K., Chandra, V., Kumar, P.: An Experimental Study on the Effect of Lubrication and Heating on Draw Parameter of Crca Sheet Using. Int. J. Mech. Prod. Eng. 38–41 (2017)
Szalai, S., Herold, B., Kurhan, D., Németh, A., Sysyn, M., Fischer, S.: Optimization of 3D Printed Rapid Prototype Deep Drawing Tools for Automotive and Railway Sheet Material Testing. Infrastructures. 8, 43 (2023). https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures8030043
CHEN, Y., YAN, H., WANG, D., CHEN, R. shi: Microstructure evolution and deformation mechanism of Mg−Zn−Gd sheet during Erichsen cupping test. Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China (English Ed. 33, 728–742 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/S1003-6326(22)66141-7
Singh, M., Choubey, A.K., Sasikumar, C.: Formability Analysis of Aluminium Alloy by Erichsen Cupping Test Method. Mater. Today Proc. 4, 805–810 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2017.01.089
Satish Kumar, D., Manjini, S., Udaya Bhat, K.: Formability behaviour of ferritic and austenitic rolled Nb–Ti stabilized IF grade steel. Sadhana – Acad. Proc. Eng. Sci. 48, (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12046-022-02063-2
Aydin, M., Wu, X., Cetinkaya, K., Yasar, M., Kadi, I.: Application of Digital Image Correlation technique to Erichsen Cupping Test. Eng. Sci. Technol. an Int. J. 21, 760–768 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jestch.2018.06.004
He, H., Yang, T., Ren, Y., Peng, Y., Xue, S., Zheng, L.: Experimental Investigation on the Formability of Al-Mg Alloy 5052 Sheet by Tensile and Cupping Test. Materials (Basel). 15, 1–9 (2022). https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15248949
Vijaya, A., Sanapala, S., Arvind, K.J., Darshan, V.: Vision based formability testing of sheet metal using portable Erichsen cupping tester. Mater. Today Proc. 68, 2125–2133 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.08.397
Dwivedi, R., Choubey, A.K., Purohit, R., Rana, R.S.: Experimental and numerical analysis of aluminium alloy cylindrical cup using novel deep drawing technique. Adv. Mater. Process. Technol. 00, 1–14 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1080/2374068X.2021.1878701
Talapatra, A., Kumar Agarwal, S., Pandit, S., Sengupta, A., Saha, J.: Formability characterization of composite sheet materials by erichsen cupping testing method. Int. J. ChemTech Res. 6, 1883–1886 (2014)
Vemula, A.M., Reddy, G.C.M., Hussain, M.M.: Comparison of experimental and simulation results using erichsen cupping test of titanium alloy OT 4-1. Mater. Today Proc. 45, 2096–2104 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.09.632
Kumar, N., Singh, A., Agrawal, A.: Formability Analysis of AA1200 H14 Aluminum Alloy Using Single Point Incremental Forming Process. Trans. Indian Inst. Met. 73, 1975–1984 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12666-020-02014-7
Narinder Kumar, M.S.: Influence of Process Parameters on the Deep Drawing of AL 6061 Sheet. Int. J. Innov. Res. Sci. Eng. Technol. 4, 7021–7030 (2015). https://doi.org/10.15680/ijirset.2015.0408044
Agrawal, A., Reddy, N.V., Dixit, P.M.: Optimal blank shape prediction considering sheet thickness variation: An upper bound approach. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 196, 249–258 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2007.05.046
Narinder Kumar, P.S.: Experimental and Statistical Study on Spring-back Behavior in Incremental Sheet Metal Forming Process. Int. J. Innov. Res. Sci. Eng. Technol. 4, 8124–8130 (2015). https://doi.org/10.15680/ijirset.2015.0409016
Agrawal, A., Reddy, N.V., Dixit, P.M.: Determination of optimum process parameters for wrinkle free products in deep drawing process. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 191, 51–54 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2007.03.050
Journal of Polymer and Composites
| Volume | 11 |
| Special Issue | 12 |
| Received | October 30, 2023 |
| Accepted | December 12, 2023 |
| Published | January 15, 2024 |