Cell Balancing in Lithium-ion Batteries – A Comparative Evaluation
Viji Chandran, Ann Elizabeth Babu, Sunil Kumar P.R., DOI : 10.37591/JoPEPS
[This article belongs to Journal of Power Electronics and Power Systems(jopeps)]
Keywords
Battery management system (BMS), State of Charge (SOC), cell balancing, passive balancing, active balancing
Abstract
Balancing the cells within a battery system is essential for safeguarding against overvoltage, overcharge, and over-discharge, which can lead to system failures and safety hazards. Two commonly employed methods for cell balancing are passive and active balancing. In passive balancing, excess charge is dissipated through resistors, while active balancing involves the controlled flow of charge within the circuit. This paper focuses on the comparison and analysis of passive and two specific active balancing techniques: single switched capacitor and single inductor balancing. The utilization of pulse width modulation (PWM) signals with a duty ratio of 50% for all switches is employed in both techniques. The objective is to transfer charge from cells with a higher state of charge (SOC) to cells with a lower SOC, thereby achieving balance within the battery system. In this paper the performance of the single switched capacitor and single inductor-based balancing techniques using MATLAB Simulink are being compared. The simulations are conducted under various operating conditions including idle, charging, discharging states. The objective is to assess the effectiveness and efficiency of these techniques in achieving cell balance. The single switched capacitor and single inductor-based balancing methods offer advantages over passive balancing in terms of balancing time and efficiency.
References
- M. Lukic, J. Cao, R. C. Bansal, F. Rodriguez and A. Emadi, “Energy Storage Systems for Automotive Applications,” in IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, June 2008, vol. 55, no. 6, pp. 2258–2267.
- Khaligh and Z. Li, “Battery, Ultracapacitor, Fuel Cell, and Hybrid Energy Storage Systems for Electric, Hybrid Electric, Fuel Cell, and Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles: State of the Art,” in IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology July 2010, vol. 59, no. 6, pp. 2806–2814.
- K. Loganathan, C. Ming Tan, B. Mishra, T. A. M. Msagati and L. W. Snyman, “Review and selection of advanced battery technologies for post 2020 era electric vehicles,” 2019 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference (ITEC-India), Bengaluru, India, 2019, pp. 1–5
- Qi and D. Dah-Chuan Lu, “Review of battery cell balancing techniques,” 2014 Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference (AUPEC), Perth, WA, Australia, 2014, pp. 1–6.
- R. Dos Santos et al., “Dissipative Lithium-Ion Cell Balancing by Recharge Control and Detection of Outliers for Energy Optimization and Heat Reduction,” IECON 2018 – 44th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, Washington, DC, USA, 2018, pp. 5038–5043.
- Dalvi and S. Thale, “Design of DSP Controlled Passive Cell Balancing Network based Battery Management System for EV Application,” 2020 IEEE India Council International Subsections Conference (INDISCON), Visakhapatnam, India, 2020, pp. 84–89.
- Pascual, Cesar, and Philip T. Krein. “Switched capacitor system for automatic series battery equalization.” Proceedings of APEC 97-Applied Power Electronics Conference. Vol. 2. IEEE, 1997.
- Daowd, Mohamed, et al. “Single switched capacitor battery balancing system enhancements.” Energies 6.4 (2013): 2149-2174.
- F. Moghaddam and A. Van Den Bossche, “An Active Cell Equalization Technique for Lithium-Ion Batteries Based on Inductor Balancing,” 2018 9th International Conference on Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering (ICMAE), Budapest, Hungary, 2018, pp. 274–278.
- N, G. Yadav and G. CK, “Analysis and Implementation of Inductor Based Active Battery Cell Balancing Topology,” 2020 IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics, Drives and Energy Systems (PEDES), Jaipur, India, 2020, pp. 1–6.