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nIndustrialization has become a thriving key concern in the present serious world. The organizations are endeavoring hard to continue to survive for themselves. Henceforth are giving better products with quality, customer satisfaction and benefits and are improving their assembling activities in the present remarkable worldwide rivalry. On the other hand, the assembling area devours parcel of energy and different assets leading to discharge of enormous measures of ozone harming substances which ultimately increases ecological issues like environmental change and boost up an Earth-wide temperature and diminishing ecological balance worldwide. Furthermore, it likewise found a lot of energy is additionally squandered in numerous structures. One of the potential ways to strike out these issues is Green Manufacturing. An attempt to acquire gain in quality products, Green Manufacturing can be applied in all production and assembling areas that limit squander and contamination, enables monetary advancement, and monitor assets. The current work centers around accomplishing Green Assembling by utilizing different strategies that has sway on decrease in waste and ecological contamination. The study examines particular dimensions of green manufacturing tools Applicability and FMS such as Information technology, planning, flexible automation techniques. The outcome will determine the major substantiate to establish and strengthen the value of product with superior performance, Using the findings the research will suggests the implication and adoption for further research. Also, a perspective is needed, henceforth requirement for some innovative technique is there, that might solve the problems and can lead towards the productivity sales and economic advancement as well, so an integration of green manufacturing tools with FMS for creating more real and précised manufacturing system is done, that might be used to make improvements during production.n

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1. Sarkis J, Hasan MA, Shankar R. Evaluating Environmentally Conscious Manufacturing Barriers with Interpretive Structural Modelling, Proceedings of SPIE 6385, Environmentally Conscious Manufacturing VI, 638508 (October 11, 2006); doi:10.1117/12.687588.
2. Mittal VK, Sangwan KS. Development of an interpretive structural model of obstacles to environmentally conscious technology adoption in Indian industry. Glocalized Solutions for Sustainability in Manufacturing, Springer 2011, (Eds: Hesselbach and Herrmann), Germany.
3. Mukherjee DP. Barriers towards cleaner production for optimizing energy use and pollution control for foundry sector in Howrah, India, Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, 2011; 13 (1): 111-123.
4. Schmitter DN. A study of the barriers to the implementation of environmentally responsible practices in Indiana manufacturing businesses. Master’s Thesis, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 2012.
5. Millar HH, Russell SN. The Adoption of Sustainable Manufacturing Practices in the Caribbean, Business Strategy and the Environment, 2011; 20: 512-526.
6. Singh PJ, Mittal VK, and Sangwan KS. Development and validation of performance measures for environmentally conscious manufacturing, International Journal of Services and Operations Management, 2013; 14(2): 197220.
7. Post JE, Altma BW. Managing the Environmental Change Process: Barriers and Opportunities. Journal of Organizational Change Management 1994, 7(4):64–81.
8. Cooray N. Cleaner production assessment in small and medium industries of Sri Lanka, Global competitiveness through cleaner production: proceedings of the 2nd Asia Pacific Cleaner Production Roundtable, 21-23 April 1999, Brisbane, Australia/edited by J. Ashley Scott and Robert J. Pagan, 1999; 108-114.
9. Yan, H., Fei, L. and Jinlang, S. (2008) “A Framework of scheduling models in machining workshop for green manufacturing” Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Systems, Vol. 7, No. 2 pp.319–322.
10. I.D. Paula, G.P. Bhole and J.R. Chaudhari, “A review on Green Manufacturing: It’s important, Methodology and its Application”. 3rd International Conference on Materials Processing and Characterisation (ICMPC 2014) Procedia Materials Science 6 (2014 ) 1644–1649.
11. Moors EHM, Mulder KF, Vergragt PJ. Towards cleaner production: barriers and strategies in the base metals producing industry, Journal of Cleaner Production, 2005; 13(7): 657-668.
12. Porter, M.E. & Linde, C.V (1995). “Green and Competitive: Ending the Stalemate”. Harvard Business Review, 73(5), pp.120-133.

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nAdditive Manufacturing is one of the non-conventional methods of manufacturing that is gaining immense popularity for its ease to manufacture customized parts. The lenses have always been manufactured using a continuous process of Blanking, Surface generation, Edging and Centering, Grinding, Polishing, and Coating. But the conventional processes demand large inventories and more time. Customization of lenses may also be possible if a process like Additive Manufacturing is implemented. Also, the processes like Blanking, Surface generation, Edging, and Centering can be avoided if they are replaced by only one process i.e. Additive Manufacturing. But whether it is suitable for the manufacturing of lenses is a question of concern. To study its suitability in the current scenario, lenses of three types namely, Plano-Convex, Plano-Concave, and Bi-Convex lens were manufactured using AM process Stereolithography, and test like the Hardness test was conducted. Focal lengths, as well as Radii of Curvature, are measured to check the conformance of the obtained values with the pre- decided values. As a result, due to the unavailability of proper post processing methods, the lenses were found to show low values of hardness and variance of the focal length and curvature values as compared to the conventionally manufactured lenses of similar types.n

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1. Onuh and Yusuf, Rapid prototyping technology: applications and benefits for rapid product development, Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing (1999) 10, 301-311.
2. Jens Bliedtner, production of Optical Plastic Components, Optik and photonic,2017,pp.201-204.
3. John Ryan C. Dizon, Mechanical Characterisation of 3D printed polymers, Additive Manufacturing,2017, 44-67.
4. T. Hanemann, October, Rapid Prototyping and Rapid Tooling Techniques for the Manufacturing of Silicon, Polymer, Metal and Ceramic Micro devices, Research Gate,2007.
5. P.K. Venuvinod, Stereolithography, Rapid Prototyping, Springer Science + Business Media New York,2004.
6. D.T. Pham, Part Orientation in Stereolithography, Int J Adv Manuf Technol (1999),15:674-682.
7. J. M. Dulieu-Barton and M.C. Fulton, Mechanical properties of a Typical Stereo-lithography resin, Strain, 2000,Vol 36, No 2, 81-87.
8. G Beadie, Tunable Polymer lens, OPTICSEXPRESS, 2018, Vol 16, No.167.
9. Katie Schwertz, An introduction to optics manufacturing, OptoMechanics (OPTI521) Report, 2018.
10. Sameen Ahmed Khan, Co-ordinate geometric Generalisation of the Spherometer and cylindrometer,2013, arXiv:1311.3602.
11. Alfonso Costas, Design, Development and characterisation of linear, soft actuators via additive manufacturing, Conference of smart materials, Adaptive systems and Intelligent Systems, 2018, 1-7.
12. Flash print software available at https://www.dream3d.co.uk/product/flashforge-flashprint-3d- printingsoftware/# Overview.
13. http://ncert.nic.in/ncerts/l/lelm308.pdf.
14. Poggio C, Evaluation of Vickers hardness and depth of cure of six composite resins photo-activated with different polymerization modes, Journal of Conservative Dentistry,2019.
15. Quinn, Cracking and Indentation Size Effect for Knoop Hardness of Glasses, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 2003, Vol 86, Page 442.
16. Elisa Aznarte Garcia, Cagri Ayranci and Jawad Qureshi, Material Property–Manufacturing Process Optimization for Form 2 Vat-Photo Polymerization 3D printers, Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing, 2020, 4, page 2.

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nAfter traditional heat treatment, Cryogenic treatment is carried out as a secondary process to improve the hardness and wear resistance of tool steels. The researchers have already studied and it is well published the potential use of cryogenic treatment of AISI D2 tool steel under laboratory conditions. However, to ensure the sustainable use of this technology for industrial application, its analysis is essential. Therefore, in this work a small scale manufacturing unit having press shop was identified and impact of cryogenic treatment on AISI D2 steel blanking punch was evaluated in terms of tool life and part quality. The improved hardness and wear resistance of cryogenically treated punch resulted in approximately 60% production rise. Punch life was studied and correlated to part quality in term of dimensional accuracy of blanking punch. The AISI D2 steel samples were also prepared and subjected to laboratory tests comprising of metallographic observations and hardness. It was found that laboratory tests were not sufficient to predict improvements in service life of punch. The dimensional accuracy plays an important role in deciding the service life.n

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1. Subramonian S., Altan T., Ciocirlan B, Campbell C., 2013, Optimum selection of variable punchdie clearance to improve tool life in blanking non symmetric shapes. Int. J. Mach. Tools Manuf. 75,63e71.
2. Hao-huai Liu, H.; Wang, J.; Shen, B.; Yang, H.; Gao, S.; Huang, S. Effects of deep cryogenic treatment on property of 3Cr13Mo1V1.5 high chromium cast iron. Materials and Design 2007, 28,1059–1064.Materials and Design 2007, 28,1059–1064.
3. Nirmal S. Kalsi, Rakesh Sehgal, and Vishal S. Sharma Cryogenic Treatment of Tool Materials: A Review Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 25: 1077–1100, 2010.
4. A. Bensely, L. Shyamala, S. Harish, D. Mohan Lal, G. Nagarajan, K. Junik, A. Rajadurai, Mater.Des. 30 (2009) 2955-2962.
5. Rhyim Y-M, Han S-H, Na Y-S, Lee J-H. Effect of deep cold cryogenic treatment on carbide precipitation and mechanical properties of tool steels. Solid State Phenom 2006; 118:9–14.
6. I. Wierszyllowski, Defect Diff. Forum 258-260 (2006) 415-420.
7. A. Akhbarizadeh, A. Shafyei, M.A. Golozar ; Effects of cryogenic treatment on wear behavior of D6 tool steel, Materials and Design 30 (2009) 3259–3264.
8. A. Mahmudi, H.M. Ghasemi and H.R. Faradji, “Effects of Cryogenic Treatments on the Mechanical Properties and Wear Behaviour of High-speed Steel M2”, Heat Treatment of Metals, 2000.3, pp 69-72.
9. Bensely A.; Prabhakaran A.; MohanLal D.; Nagarajan G. Enhancing the wear resistance of case carburized steel (En 353) by cryogenic treatment. Cryogenics 2006, 45, 747–754.
10. Barron, R.F. Cryogenic treatment of metals to improve wears resistance. Cryogenics 1982, 22,409–414.
11. Collins, D.N.; Dormer, J. Deep cryogenic treatment of a D2 cold-worked tool steel. Heat Treat.Met. 1997, 24 (3), 71–74.
12. E.A. Carlson, in: ASM Handbook, vol. 4, Heat Treating, 10th ed., ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1990, pp. 203-206.
13. Mohan Lal D., Renganarayanan S., Kalanidhi A., Cryogenic treatment to augment wear resistance of tool and die steels. Cryogenics 2001; 41:149-155.
14. V. Leskovsek, M. Kalin, J. Vizintin, Influence of deep-cryogenic treatment on wear resistance of vacuum heat-treated HSS, Vacuum 80 (2006) 507–518.
15. Gill S.S.; Singh, R.; Singh, H.; Singh, J. Wear behavior of cryogenically treated tungsten carbide inserts under dry and wet turning conditions. International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture 2009, 49, 256–260.
16. Debdulal Das, Apurba Kishore Dutta, Kalyan Kumar Ray; Sub-zero treatments of AISI D2 steel: Part I. Microstructure and hardness; Materials Science and Engg. A (2008), doi:10.1016/j.msea.2009.10.070
17. Gill S.S., Singh R, Singh H, Singh J, 2010. Cryoprocessing of cutting tool materials, a review,Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 48, 175e192.
18. Gill S.S., Singh R, Singh H, Singh J, 2011, Metallurgical Principles of Cryogenically treated tool steels a review on the current state of science. Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Techn. 54, 59e82.
19. Flosky F. Vollertsen F, 2014, Wear behavior in a combined micro blanking and deep drawing process. CIRP Ann. Manuf. Technol. 63, 281e284.
20. Nandkumar Pillai, R. Karthikeyan, J. Paulo Davim;, 2017, A review on effects of cryogenic treatment of AISI ‘D’ series cold working tool steels, Rev. Adv. Mater. Sci. 51 (2017) 149-159.

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nWith the acceleration of global industrialization, there is a demand for high-or low-pressure storage of liquids or gases. Because of the complicated operating conditions that will inevitably encounter a possible hazard, pressure vessel design is a critical responsibility. Previous failure studies have revealed that the presence of local loads and discontinuities increases pressure vessel fracture. As a result, a detailed examination of pressure vessel steel from the standpoint of fracture is essential. During service or production, internal, surface, semi-elliptical cracks in pressure tanks and pipes are occasionally observed. A manufacturing fault, such as slag inclusion, cracks in a weldment, or heat impacted zones caused by uneven cooling and the presence of foreign particles, can cause a fracture within a component. Fatigue and fracture as a result Such crack investigations necessitate the estimation of stress intensity factors for a wide range of crack forms and sizes encountered. In this project, we are designing a pressure vessel using ASME section VIII and Division 2 to determine the thickness of the shell, head, nozzle, and leg support. The entire vessel has a uniform thickness. Pro-e 2.0 was used to model the pressure vessel, was used to mesh it. The meshing is done with a 2D Quad element, and the analysis is done with ANSYS Software 11 for two separate instances, working pressure and maximum operating pressure, with a fatigue study, and the result is 106. Finally, the entire model is theoretically validated, with results that are within acceptable limits. Because the pressure is higher than that of the surrounding environment, it is hazardous and, in some cases, fatal. A few pressure vessel instances Pressure vessels hold a considerable amount of energy; the higher the working pressure-and the larger the vessel-the more energy released, resulting in a greater magnitude of damage, disaster, or danger in the case of a rupture.n

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1. Noraphaiphipaksa, N., Poapongsakorn, P., Hasap, A., & Kanchanomai, C. (2020). Failure analysis of pressure vessel with sight ports using finite element analysis. Engineering Failure Analysis, 117, 104791.
2. Niranjana, S.J., Patel, S.V., & Dubey, A.K. (2018, June). Design and analysis of vertical pressure vessel using ASME code and FEA technique. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering (Vol. 376, No. 1, p. 012135). IOP Publishing.
3. Anbazhagan, A.S., Anand, M.D., & Milton, G.A. (2012). Development of finite element-based wind and seismic design procedure for horizontal pressure vessel. Procedia engineering, 38, 3998-4004.
4. Kusmartono, D., & Nugroho, G. (2019, November). Simulation Effect of Crack Depth and Crack Location on Cylindrical Pressure Vessel. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 1351, No. 1, p. 012082). IOP Publishing.
5. Kusmartono, D., & Nugroho, G. (2019, November). Simulation Effect of Crack Depth and Crack Location on Cylindrical Pressure Vessel. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 1351, No. 1, p. 012082). IOP Publishing.
6. Noraphaiphipaksa, N., Poapongsakorn, P., Hasap, A., & Kanchanomai, C. (2020). Failure analysis of pressure vessel with sight ports using finite element analysis. Engineering Failure Analysis, 117, 104791.
7. Patel, B.C., Gupta, B., & Choubey, A. Experimental Analysis of Critical Stress Intensity Factor of Pressure Vessel Material Used in Disc Shaped Tension Specimen. International Journal of Research in Engineering and Social Sciences, 90.
8. Dixit, S., & Chaudhari, V. (2020). Evaluation of fracture parameters to simulate fracture process zone for SA 516 pressure vessel steel. Materials Today: Proceedings, 28, 721–724.
9. Palekar, A., Kompelli, P., Mayekar, N., Shembekar, A., Kurane, R., Mahatale, R., & Bharadwaj, S. (2016). Study and Design of Shell of Multi Wall Pressure Vessel. Int. J. Tech. Res. Appl, 4, 333–340.
10. Patel, B.C., Gupta, B., & Choubey, A. Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Critical Stress Intensity Factor Of Pressure Vessel Material Used In Disc Shaped Compact Specimen.
11. Dixit, S., Chaudhari, V., & Kulkarni, D. M. (2020). Mode-I Fracture Investigations of Pressure Vessel Steels: Experimental and Simulation Study. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 29 (11), 7179–7187. Page | 26.
12. Sharma, S., & Samal, M. K. (2020). Study of effect of loading rate on fracture toughness of SA516Gr. 70 steels for nuclear pressure vessel and piping in DBTT regime and evaluation of shiftin reference transition temperature. Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics, 110, 102814.
13. Patel, D.M., & Kumar, B. (2014). Experimental method to analyse limit load in pressure vessel. Int. J Modern Engineering Research, 4 (10), 8.
14. Pratama, J., Fitriyana, D.F., Siregar, J.P., & Caesarendra, W. (2020). A low-cost validation method of finite element analysis on a thin-walled vertical pressure vessels. In Journal of Physics:Conference Series (Vol. 1444, No. 1, p. 012042). IOP Publishing.
15. Farzam, M., Malekinejad, P., & Khorashadizadeh, M. (2009). Hydrogen induced cracking analysis of a pressure vessel made of SA 516 grade 70 steel by the use of phased array technology.In Proc. Of International Conference on Fracture, Ottawa.
16. Korukonda Sivaparvathi, S., & Prasad, P. Design and Static Thermal Analysis of Different Pressure Vessel Heads and Materials Using FEM. August 2020. Volume 5, Issue 8.

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