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nThis research paper analyses the illegal wildlife trade in India, where many animals and related items are dispatched daily as food, pets, medications, clothing, and trophies which threatens plants and animals to the verge of extinction and obstructs sustainable development leading to corruption and criminality. It mentions The Project Tiger, launched by the Government of India in 1973 to ensure Bengal tigers’ population and maintain their natural habitats, including setting up a tiger protecting force. The paper further examines the effectiveness of India’s forest and wildlife laws. It analyzes the efficiency of the forest and wildlife legislations including the analysis of the various challenges faced while protecting wildlife and forestry and the Government’s strategies while framing wildlife policies.n

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1. Report- Jhala, Y. V., Gopal, R., Qureshi, Q. (eds.) (2008). Status of the Tigers, Co-predators, and Prey in India (PDF). TR 08/001. National Tiger Conservation Authority, Govt. of India, New Delhi; Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 June
2013.(Last visited on October-13-2021)
2. Fresh air report-Ambassador report( Last visited on october-12-2021) ( Last accessed on 14th October, 2021 12.30 P.M) https://tunza.ecogeneration.org/ambassadorReportView.jsp?viewID=4375
3. Block-Indian Wildlife Tour with Taj Mahal Tiger Safari through the wilderness of India (Last visited on October-12-2021) (2.00 p.m) Project Tiger in India | Tiger Reserves India
4. International Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology-Ashish Sharma et al. 2018, Volume 6 Issue 1 ISSN (Online): A Geographical Study of Tiger Projects in India ( Last visited on October-13-2021) https://www.ijset.in/wpcontent/uploads/10.2348.ijset01180122.pdf
5. Justice P.N. Bhagwati Lectures on India’s human rights law, Columbia Law Schoohttps://www.law.columbia.edu/news/archive/justice-pn-bhagwati-lectures-indias-humanrights-law (last visited Oct 15, 2021)

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nSince the advent of Industrial Revolution, climate change has been perceived as the prominent environmental issue of the twenty- first century. According to a study, the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere as of July 2021 is the greatest it has ever been in recorded human history. 800 million people, or 11% of the world’s population, are currently at risk from the effects of climate change. The world has witnessed extreme climatic events which have resulted in resource- based conflicts and socio- economic imbalance, wreaking havoc on the lives and livelihoods of people. The global impact of climate change is perilous and unprecedented. Without radical actions today, mending to these impact factors will become more challenging. As a response to combat the ongoing climate crisis, several mitigation strategies have been employed to achieve sustainability and adopt efficient measures on the long- run. This paper aims to shed light on climate finance, an integrated approach that will address climate change by providing financial resources. This approach calls for local, national and transnational financing that focus on reducing greenhouse gas emissions thereby enhancing the quality of the environment and the human ecosystem. It requires government intervention to develop competent solutions for global climate change. The paper focuses on the strategies and probable steps of climate finance and also seeks to discuss the greater need in bringing awareness on this issue using comparative excerpts and potential solutionsn

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24. The 2018 report of Global Commission on the Economy and Climate: “Unlocking the Inclusive Growth Story of the 21st Century- Accelerating Climate Action in Urgent Times”; Available athttps://newclimateeconomy.report/2018/
25. The term ‘hard-to-abate sector’ denotes any sector that involves a transition that is not nearly so forthright, because they either lack the technology or its cost remains restrictive.
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31. The Montreal Protocol; Available at https://www.unep.org/ozonaction/who-we-are/about-montreal-protocol
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33. Kyoto Protocol – Targets for the first commitment period; Available at https://unfccc.int/process- and-meetings/the-kyoto-protocol/what-is-the-kyoto-protocol/kyoto-protocol-targets-for-the-first-commitment-period
34. Common But Differentiated Responsibilities and Respective Capability (CBDR-RC) 2019, Available at https://www.civilsdaily.com/news/common-but-differentiated-responsibilities-and-
respective-capability-cbdr-rc/
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36. UNFCCC (1992), United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change; Available athttps://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/conveng.pdf
37. Millennium Summit of the United Nations (September 2000); Available at https://www.un.org/en/ development/devagenda/millennium.shtml
38. Davies, Mark et al. “Climate Change Adaptation, Disaster Risk Reduction and Social Protection””; IDS Working Papers (2009)
39. UNDP Human Development Report on Climate Change; Available at http://hdr.undp.org/en/ statistics/data/climatechange/shares/
40. Policy Brief and Proposals: Common but Differentiated Responsibilities- International Movement ATD Fourth World; Available at file:///1111_920_cbdr%20paper%20for%20OWG%201121 13.pdf
41. Small Island Developing States – SIDS – OECD. Oecd.org. Published 2019. Accessed September 16, 2022. https://www.oecd.org/dac/financing-sustainable-development/development finance- topics/small-island-developing-states.htm
42. Klaus. The Least Developed Countries 2020 – Nations Online Project [Internet]. Nationsonline.org. 2020 [cited 2022 Sep 16]. Available from: https://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/least_ developed_countries.htm
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44. IPCC (2013), “Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis”, Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change; Available at http://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg1/
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46. IPCC (2014), “Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability”
47. National Research Council. The National Academies Press, Washington, DC, USA (2011), “Climate Stabilization Targets: Emissions, Concentrations, and Impacts over Decades to Millennia”; Available at http://nas-sites.org/americasclimatechoices/other-reports-on-climate- change/2011-2/climate-stabilization-targets/
48. Walsh, John, Donald Wuebbles, Katherine Hayhoe, James Kossin, Kenneth Kunkel, Graeme Stephens, Russell Vose, Michael Wehner, and Josh Willis. “Menu – National Climate Assessment”; Available at https://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/our-changing-climate/heavy-downpours- increasing
49. WWF (March 14, 2018), “Half of Plant and Animal Species at Risk from Climate Change in World’s Most Important Natural Places.”; Available at https://www.worldwildlife.org/press- releases/half-of-plant-and-animal-species-at-risk-from-climate-change-in-world-s-most- important-natural-places
50. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Center for Disease Control and Prevention, “Extreme Rain & Drought”; Available at https://www.cdc.gov/climateandhealth/pubs/PRECIP- Final_508.pdf

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nThis study assesses the extent of compliance to the Solid Waste Management Legislations in Tanzania. It is motivated by the fact that more than 15 years have passed since the enactment of some solid waste management related legislations but still on average less than 50% of the generated waste is effectively collected. This study was conducted in selected local Government Authorities in Tanzania. The study guided by legislation requirement for improved waste management services which include coordination roles, waste minimization systems, refuse collection charges availability of waste transfer stations, availability of proper storage containers, and presence of recycling and composting initiatives. The research methodology involved a purposefully selection of 5 local Government authorities of Ilala, Kinondoni, Moshi, Arusha and Dodoma. Questionnaires, different types of observations, in-depth interviews and documentary review formed the research data collection techniques. The study used descriptive analyses for its variable analysis. The findings show that despite having good legislations the compliance level for the Government institutions, private entities and individuals was found to be very poor. To this end the study recommends; Development of the enforcement guideline, National Environmental Management Council take a lead role in driving environmental policy and waste management legislations, Establishment of environmental enforcement unit, establishment of Mobile Environmental tribunals, Promotion of civil society and Individuals engagement, Promoting clarity and understanding of the environmental legislations, Establishment of waste management authority, Minimizing bureaucracy and streamlining legal procedures, Enhancing social network, Capacity Building. It is expected that, the study findings can inform policy makers and enforcement agents on the relevancy of enhancing enforcement strategies for effective waste management in the country.n

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1. Omar HM. The Influence of Technological Factor to the Sustainability of Informal Solid Waste Collection Livelihood in Urban Areas: The Case of Kinondoni Municipality in the Research journal, Journal of Economics. Vol. 5 No. 7 November, 2017.
2. International Growth Centre (2014:7) Population Growth, Internal Migration and Urbanization in Tanzania, 1967–2012: A Census Based Regional Analysis International Growth Centre, London School of Economic and Political Science.
3. ibid
4. Kamete AY, Arne T, Inge T. From Global Village to Urban Globe. Urbanization and Poverty in Africa: Implication for Norwegian Aid Policy. Chr. Michelsen Institute. Postterminalen, N-5892 Bergen, Norway (2001).
5. Bloom et. al. Urbanization and the Wealth Nations. Program on the Global Demography of Aging Vol.319, PGDA Working Paper (2008).
6. Omar HM, Bullu SL, Kiwango N. The Potential and Challenges of the Informal Solid Waste Collection Services: The Case of Sandali Ward, in Temeke Municipality. Dar es Salaam Tanzania in the Global Scientific Journals. Vol.7, Issue 11, November 2019.
7. Republic of Botswana (1998): Botswana’s Strategy for Waste Management. Government Printer. Gaborone-Botswana
8. The Environmental Management Act of 2004.
9. The Local Government (Urban Authorities) Act No. 8 of 1982.
10. The Public Health Act of 2009.
11. The Public Procurement Act, 2011 (amended from time to time.)
12. The Public Procurement Act Regulations of 2013 (amended 2016);
13. The Environmental Management (Solid Waste Management) Regulations of 2009.
14. Section 34–38 of the Waste Management Act of Botswana.
15. Mmereki, D. Current Status of Waste Management in Botswana: A mini-review Journal for Sustainable Circular Economy Vol. 36, Issues 7, 2018.
16. ibid.
17. Vijayakumar SSV. Waste Management in Botswana Master Thesis in Energy and Environmental Engineering Department of Management and Engineering Linkoping University, Sweden (2011).
18. Mmereki (2018).
19. ibid.
20. Abas MA. The Issues of Policy Implementation on Solid Waste Management in Malaysia, International Journal of Conceptions on Management and Social Sciences. 2014;2(3).
21. Ibid.
22. Seow T. New Perspective of Integrated Solid Waste Management in Malaysia. In Proceeding 3rd International Conference on Human Habitat & Environment in the Malay World, 19–20 Jun 2012 (2013).
23. Nadzri Y, Larsen I. Federalizing Solid Waste Management in Peninsular Malaysia. Department of National Solid Waste Management. Ministry of Housing and Local Government, Level 2 & 4, Block B North, Pusat Bandar Damansara, 50644 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (2010).
24. Malaysia Solid Waste Management Act, 672
25. Abas (2014).
26. Malaysia Solid Waste Management Act, 672
27. Nadzri and Larsen. (2010).
28. Abas (2014).
29. Agamuthu P, Hamid FS, Khidzir K. Evolution of solid waste management in Malaysia: Impacts and Implications of the Solid Waste Bill 2007. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management. 2009;11: 96–103.
30. Abas (2014).
31. Jones N, Halvadakis CP, Sophoulis CM. Social Capital and Household Solid Waste Management Policies: A Case Study in Mytilene, Greece. Environmental Politic. 2011;20(2):264–283.
32. The local Government (Urban Authority) Act, 1982.
33. Section 114–119 of the Environmental Management Act, 2004 of Tanzania.
34. The Environmental Management Act, 2004.
35. Public Health Act of 2009.
36. Environmental (Solid waste Management) Regulations of 2009.
37. Section 114 of the Environmental Management Act, 2004.
38. PART IV, sections 13 of the Environmental (Solid Waste Management) Regulations.
39. Section 114(1)(a-c)of the Environmental Management Act.
40. Section 75(1)(a-b) of the Public Health Act.
41. Public Health Act, 2009.
42. The Environmental Management Act, 2004.
43. Sec. 73(4) of the Public Health Act.
44. Sec. 19 of the Environmental (Solid Waste Management) Regulations.
45. Section 76(b) of the Public Health Act.
46. Section 73(6) of the Public Health Act.
47. Section 72(6) of the Public Health Act.
48. Sec 14 (1–3) of the Environmental (Solid Waste management) Regulations.
49. PART II (7)(3)(h) of The Environmental Management Act.

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