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nThis paper is focused on the analysis of the performance of DC electric motor for electric vehicles (EV) in urban and intercity routes. The paper analyzes the different driving conditions in both types of routes reproducing the most current situations and how they influence the electric motor performance. The study is focused on a dual electric motor configuration, series and parallel, which equips an electric vehicle prototype, evaluating the power response using both configurations, and comparing results from any of the two types of DC electric motor. A control system is proposed to commute between series and parallel configuration depending on driving conditions and type of route to maximize the performance of the electric motor. Driving routes have been segmented into five categories, acceleration, deceleration, constant velocity, ascent and descent, as representative of any urban or intercity routes. A simulation process has been carried out to reproduce real driving conditions. The simulation has been applied considering the turning speed of the electric motor as the key parameter to decide which configuration should be selected. The results of the simulation process indicates that the control system selects the working configuration depending on the turning speed of the electric motor but also on the acceleration rate.n

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nThe main functions of a vehicle cabin are to provide a comfortable and relaxing environment for its operator and to protect them from vibrations, noise, and other adverse influences. Modern agricultural tractor cabins are complicated, high-efficiency systems, and the goal of their development is to reduce their negative influence on the environment. Main factors for thermal comfort are the dry-bulb temperature, relative humidity, surrounding surface temperature, and air motion. A tractor cabin was created with help of CREO software. Material selected for the cabin is steel. Software used for meshing and analysis of tractor cabin is STAR CCM+. Parameters considered for this analysis are 1) Air flowrate, 2) Windshield coating configurations. We created thermocouple points on different body parts of manikin. Coating used on windshield is tinting. Location of Ac vents are on above the windshield, On the dashboard and under the dashboard. Main goals are achieving higher fueleconomy and lower emissions. After the completion of general setting, pre-processing, and post-processing procedure. We got the average temperature value 26.4°C for validation and we tried different airflow rates, their average temperatures are following in summer: 22.63°C and in winter: 22.65°C.n

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1. Bhatti MS. Evolution of automotive heating (riding in comfort: part I). ASHRAE J. 1999:51–60.
2. Hafiz S. Ullah HS, Ashraf H, Bilal M, Sultan M, Shabir F, Ashraf S, et al. Evaporative cooling systems for thermal comfort of foreign cattle breeds: THI evaluation and system feasibility. Proceedings of International Exchange and Innovation Conference on Engineering & Sciences. Proceedings of the Int Exch Innov Conference Eng Sci. 2020;6:98–103. doi: 10.5109/4102473.
3. Kenton R. Kaufman, Paul K. Turnquist, Robert N. Swanson. Thermal Comfort in an AirConditioned Tractor Cab. Transactions of the ASAE;22(4):0694–8. doi: 10.13031/2013.35084.
4. Croitoru C, Nastase I, Bode F, Meslem A, Dogeanu A. Thermal comfort models for indoor spaces and vehicles—current capabilities and future perspectives. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2015;44:304–18. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2014.10.105.
5. Gökhan S, Kiliç M. Investigation of transient cooling of an automobile cabin with a virtual manikin under solar radiation. Therm Sci. 2013;17:297–406.
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7. Zhou Q. Thermal comfort in vehicles. University of Gavle; 2013.
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10. Zhang W, Chen J, Lan F. Experimental study on occupant’s thermal responses under the nonuniform conditions in vehicle cabin during the heating period. Chin J Mech Eng. 2014;27(2):331– 9. doi: 10.3901/CJME.2014.02.331.

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nSummarised issued form is description of different failure cases of winged propulsions. Ethic is basic study from usual aircraft powered through rotary wing i.e., helicopters. Rotor wing composes lift capability by spins; otherwise, accessed score is obtained from aerodynamic lift. Rotor spins about an axis so that etiquette is aligned either vertical or side-to-side. Advent of rotary wing aircraft are that used to be practice is to take off and land vertical horizon. Aim is to hover for some kinds of rescue operation as well as fly slowly under same provision. Incidence of failure has studied, in lieu, adjunct pursue has been to study fatigue originated excuse. Iron inclusion addition to pocket of wing has involved failure early by fatigue crack to expose additional excused scope to failure of helicopter. Descriptive scope has linked to assess cause of failure arise from additive impurity by fabricate add an inclusive. Nevertheless, fatigue crack propagation has been configurative to as usual schemed scope. Assessment of other schemed evidence has been descriptive issued aerodynamic protocol variable to adjust based on field travel as well ground wave secularism i.e., advent of ground effect as assessed from excused marge of pursue from lift to drag ratio, wider wingtip vortex to subject reduced downwash angle, less power decisive prosecution, economy in hover flight as well high rotor blade efficacy.n

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1. Mikael Amuraa, Lorenzo Aiellob, Mario Colavitac, Fabrizio De Paolisa, Manuele Bernabei: Failure of a helicopter main rotor blade; Procedia Materials Science 3 (2014) 726 – 731
2. Sonia Chalia, Manish Kumar Bharti: Theoretical Study of Ground Effect on Fixed Wing and Rotary Wing Aerodynamics; IJSRD International Journal for Scientific Research & Development| Vol. 5, Issue 03, 2017
3. Kamran Ahmad, Yasir Baig, Hammad Rahman, Hassan Junaid Hasham: Progressive failure analysis of helicopter rotor blade under aeroelastic loading; Aviation; 2020 Volume 24 Issue 1: 33–41 https://doi.org/10.3846/aviation.2020.12184
4. Peretz P. Friedmann: Rotary-Wing Aeroelasticity: Current Status and Future Trends; AIAA Journal; Vol. 42, No. 10, October 2004
5. A. S. Wall, F. F. Afagh, R. G. Langlois, S. J. Zan: Modeling Helicopter Blade Sailing: Dynamic Formulation and Validation; Journal of Applied Mechanics; Vol. 75; NOVEMBER 2008; 061004-1
6. A. Paternoster, R. Loendersloot, A. de Boer and R. Akkerman: Smart Actuation for Helicopter Rotor blades; Chapter 25; 2 Will-be-set-by-IN-TECH: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
7. Dimitrios Garinis, Mirko Dinulović, Boško Rašuo: Dynamic Analysis of Modified Composite Helicopter Blade; FME Transactions (2012) 40, 63-68
8. Sudhir Sastry Y B, Bhargavi Rachana I, Durga Rao K: Stress Analysis of Helicopter Composite Blade Using Finite Element Analysis; International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT); Vol. 2 Issue 12, December – 2013; IJERTV2IS120036; 1291.
9. Simone Weber, Mudassir Lone, Alastair Cooke: Recent experiences of helicopter main rotor blade damage; Journal of the American Helicopter Society; Volume; 64; Issue 3; 2019; p. 1.
10. Christophe De Wagter and Ewoud JJ Smeur: Control of a hybrid helicopter with wings; International Journal of Micro Air Vehicles 2017, Vol. 9(3) 209–217

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