JIPRL

Patentability of Food Recipes in India: An Analysis in Comparison with United States of America

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By [foreach 286]u00a0

u00a0Arundhati Patra,

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nJanuary 9, 2023 at 8:49 am

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nAbstract

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Food is regarded as a very important part of every culture in the world. The older the culture the more ingrained are the recipes. Recent times have seen massive growth in the field of restaurants as well as programs based on food and its recipes. This new development brought with its awareness regarding the intellectual property rights related to food recipes. A general trend in terms of the protection of food recipes’ intellectual property rights has been the use of trade secrets. The majority of food recipes that have been granted patents are said to have been prepared in the laboratories rather than in the kitchen. They often include a process that is fundamentally unique for it to be granted a patent. This paper deals with the analysis of patent laws in India and the USA in relation to food recipes.

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Volume :u00a0u00a04 | Issue :u00a0u00a01 | Received :u00a0u00a0April 14, 2021 | Accepted :u00a0u00a0May 15, 2021 | Published :u00a0u00a0May 27, 2021n[if 424 equals=”Regular Issue”][This article belongs to Journal of Intellectual Property rights Law(jiprl)] [/if 424][if 424 equals=”Special Issue”][This article belongs to Special Issue Patentability of Food Recipes in India: An Analysis in Comparison with United States of America under section in Journal of Intellectual Property rights Law(jiprl)] [/if 424]
Keywords Patent law, food recipes, intellectual property, Indian recipes, food patents

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1. Indian Patents Act 1970, Act no.-39, Acts of Parliament, 1970 (India)
2. Srinivasan D. IP-tite For Cooking – Intellectual Property – India [Internet]. Mondaq.com. 2015 [cited 10 October 2020]. Available from: https://www.mondaq.com/india/copyright/422524/ip-tite-for-cooking
3. 35 United States Code, Section 101
4. Ibid, Section 102
5. Ibid, Section 103
6. Quinn G. The Law of Recipes: Are Recipes Patentable? – IPWatchdog.com | Patents & Patent Law [Internet]. IPWatchdog.com | Patents & Patent Law. 2012. Available from: https://www.ipwatchdog.com/2012/02/10/the-law-of-recipes-are-recipes-patentable/id=22223/
7. Khurana M. Are food recipes patentable in India? [Internet]. Khuranaandkhurana.com. 2011. Available from: https://www.khuranaandkhurana.com/2011/08/01/are-food-recipes-patentable-in-india/
8. Biswanath Prasad v. Dwarka Prasad, 1974 AIR 117
9. KSR International Co. v. Teleflex Inc., 550 U.S. 398 (2007)
10. George K. Guest Post: Of Recipes and Patents [Internet]. SpicyIP. 2015. Available from: https://spicyip.com/2015/01/guest-post-of-recipes-and-patents.html
11. The Story of Uncrushable [Internet]. Patent Club. 2014. Available from: https://lilykang96.wordpress.com/2014/04/26/the-story-of-uncrustables/#:~:text=The%20 patent%20was%20first%20awarded,created%20other%20varieties%20as%20well

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[if 424 not_equal=”Regular Issue”] Regular Issue[/if 424] Open Access Article

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Journal of Intellectual Property rights Law

ISSN: 2582-9742

Editors Overview

jiprl maintains an Editorial Board of practicing researchers from around the world, to ensure manuscripts are handled by editors who are experts in the field of study.

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    Arundhati Patra

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  1. Student,National University of Study and Research in Law,Ranchi, Jharkhand,India

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Abstract

nFood is regarded as a very important part of every culture in the world. The older the culture the more ingrained are the recipes. Recent times have seen massive growth in the field of restaurants as well as programs based on food and its recipes. This new development brought with its awareness regarding the intellectual property rights related to food recipes. A general trend in terms of the protection of food recipes’ intellectual property rights has been the use of trade secrets. The majority of food recipes that have been granted patents are said to have been prepared in the laboratories rather than in the kitchen. They often include a process that is fundamentally unique for it to be granted a patent. This paper deals with the analysis of patent laws in India and the USA in relation to food recipes.n

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Keywords: Patent law, food recipes, intellectual property, Indian recipes, food patents

n[if 424 equals=”Regular Issue”][This article belongs to Journal of Intellectual Property rights Law(jiprl)]

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References

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1. Indian Patents Act 1970, Act no.-39, Acts of Parliament, 1970 (India)
2. Srinivasan D. IP-tite For Cooking – Intellectual Property – India [Internet]. Mondaq.com. 2015 [cited 10 October 2020]. Available from: https://www.mondaq.com/india/copyright/422524/ip-tite-for-cooking
3. 35 United States Code, Section 101
4. Ibid, Section 102
5. Ibid, Section 103
6. Quinn G. The Law of Recipes: Are Recipes Patentable? – IPWatchdog.com | Patents & Patent Law [Internet]. IPWatchdog.com | Patents & Patent Law. 2012. Available from: https://www.ipwatchdog.com/2012/02/10/the-law-of-recipes-are-recipes-patentable/id=22223/
7. Khurana M. Are food recipes patentable in India? [Internet]. Khuranaandkhurana.com. 2011. Available from: https://www.khuranaandkhurana.com/2011/08/01/are-food-recipes-patentable-in-india/
8. Biswanath Prasad v. Dwarka Prasad, 1974 AIR 117
9. KSR International Co. v. Teleflex Inc., 550 U.S. 398 (2007)
10. George K. Guest Post: Of Recipes and Patents [Internet]. SpicyIP. 2015. Available from: https://spicyip.com/2015/01/guest-post-of-recipes-and-patents.html
11. The Story of Uncrushable [Internet]. Patent Club. 2014. Available from: https://lilykang96.wordpress.com/2014/04/26/the-story-of-uncrustables/#:~:text=The%20 patent%20was%20first%20awarded,created%20other%20varieties%20as%20well

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Journal of Intellectual Property rights Law

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[if 344 not_equal=””]ISSN: 2582-9742[/if 344]

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Volume 4
Issue 1
Received April 14, 2021
Accepted May 15, 2021
Published May 27, 2021

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JIPRL

Importance of Intellectual Property Rights

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By [foreach 286]u00a0

u00a0Dhaval Chudasama,

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nJanuary 9, 2023 at 6:39 am

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The intellectual property rights (IPR) are intangible in nature and gives exclusive rights to inventor or creator for their valuable invention or creation. In present scenario of globalization, IPR is the focal point in global trade practices and livelihood across the world. These rights boost the innovative environment by giving recognition and economic benefits to creator or inventor whereas the lack of IPR awareness and its ineffective implementation may hamper the economic, technical and societal developments of nation. Hence dissemination of IPR knowledge and its appropriate implementation is utmost requirement for any nation. The present paper highlights various terms of IPR such as patents, trademarks, industrial designs, geographic indications, copyright, etc. with their corresponding rules, regulations, their need and role especially pertaining to Indian context. Further, status of India’s participation in IPR related activities across the world has been discussed in brief.

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Volume :u00a0u00a04 | Issue :u00a0u00a02 | Received :u00a0u00a0June 25, 2021 | Accepted :u00a0u00a0October 21, 2021 | Published :u00a0u00a0December 30, 2021n[if 424 equals=”Regular Issue”][This article belongs to Journal of Intellectual Property rights Law(jiprl)] [/if 424][if 424 equals=”Special Issue”][This article belongs to Special Issue Importance of Intellectual Property Rights under section in Journal of Intellectual Property rights Law(jiprl)] [/if 424]
Keywords Intellectual property rights, WIPO, patents, trademarks, industrial designs, layout design of semiconductor integrated circuit, geographic indications, copyright and related rights

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References

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1. Singh R. Vol. 1. New Delhi: Universal Law Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd; 2004. Law relating to intellectual property (A complete comprehensive material on intellectual property covering acts, rules, conventions, treaties, agreements, case-Law and much more)
2. New Delhi: Department of Science and Technology (DST), Government of India; 2002. Anonymous. Research and development statistics.
3. New Delhi: Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, Government of India; 2002. Anonymous. Research and development in industry: An overview.
4. Bainbridge DI. New York: Longman; 2002. Intellectual property.
5. New Delhi: Universal Law Publishing Co. Ltd; 2004. Anonymous. The Design Act. 2000 along with Design Rules 2001.
6. New Delhi: Commercial Law Publisher (India) Pvt. Ltd; 2004. Anonymous. The Trademarks Act 1999 along with trade Marks Rules 2002.
7. New Delhi: Commercial Law Publisher (India) Pvt. Ltd; 2005. Anonymous. The Copyright Act 1957 as amended up to 1999 along with Copyright Rules 1958 and International Copyright Order 1999.
8. New Delhi: Universal Law Publishing Co. Ltd; 2004. Anonymous. The Geographical Indications of Goods (registration and protection) Act, 1999 along with Geographical Indications of Goods (registration and protection) Rules 2002.
9. New Delhi: Commercial Law Publisher (India) Private Ltd; 2005. Anonymous. The Patents Act, 1970 as amended by Patents (amendment) Act 2005.
10. Michaels A. 2nd ed. London: Sweet and Maxwell; 1996. A practical guide to Trade Mark Law.
11. D. M. Chudasama, L. K. Sharma, N. C. Solanki, Priyanka Sharma, “A Comparative Study of Information Systems Auditing in Indian Context”, IPASJ International Journal of Information Technology (IIJIT). April 2019; 7(4): 020–028. ISSN 2321-5976. UGC Approved (S. No 45786).
12. D. M. Chudasama, L. K. Sharma, N. C. Sonlanki, Priyanka Sharma. “Refine Framework of Information Systems Audits in Indian Context”, International Journal of Computer Sciences and Engineering. 2019; 7(5): 331–345. ISSN: 2347-2693. UGC Approved (S. No 63193).
13. Nihal Gulammahiyuddin Shaikh, Dhaval Chudasama. Research on Cyber Offenses under Information Technology Act, 2000. Recent Trends in Parallel Computing. 2021; 8(1): 14–20. ISSN: 2393-8749. UGC Approved (S. No 47081).
14. D. M. Chudasama, Kathan Patel, Parshwa Dand. “Awareness of Data Privacy Breach in Society”, International Journal of All Research Education and Scientific Methods (IJARESM). 2020; 8(10): 303–307. ISSN: 2455-6211. UGC Approved.
15. D. M. Chudasama, Darsh Patel, Abhishek Shah and Nihal Shaikh. “Research on Cybercrime and its Policing”, American Journal of Computer Science and Engineering Survey. 2020; 8(10): 14. ISSN: 2349-7238.
16. Soham Shah, M a Lokhandwala, D M Chudasama. “Decoding Farm Laws”, International Journal of Scientific Research and Engineering Development. 2021; 4(2): 590–595. ISSN: 2581-7175.
17. Dhaval Chudasama, Swapnil Gorasiya. “Real World and Cyber Crime”, Journal of Science. February – March 2021; 1(31): 1–5. ISSN: 2320-0006.
18. Dhaval Chudasama. “Strategies of the Successful Long Term Business”, Journal of Commerce Management. 2021; 1(40): 1–5. ISSN: 2279-025X.
19. Dhaval Chudasama. Why Choose Cyber Security as a Career. Current Trends in Information Technology, 2021; 11(1): 14–19. ISSN: 2348-7895.
20. Raj Singh Deora, Dhaval Chudasama. Brief Study of Cybercrime on an Internet. Journal of Communication Engineering & Systems. 2021; 11(1): 1–6. ISSN: 2321-5151. UGC Approved (S. No 46690).
21. Kathan Patel, Dhaval Chudasama. National Security Threats in Cyberspace. National Journal of Cyber Security Law. 2021; 4(1): 12–20.
22. Dhaval Chudasama, Nikhil Rajput. Protecting Ourselves from Digital Crimes. National Journal of Cyber Security Law. 2021; 4(1): 1–6.

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[if 424 not_equal=”Regular Issue”] Regular Issue[/if 424] Open Access Article

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Journal of Intellectual Property rights Law

ISSN: 2582-9742

Editors Overview

jiprl maintains an Editorial Board of practicing researchers from around the world, to ensure manuscripts are handled by editors who are experts in the field of study.

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  1. Assistant Professor,Indrashil University,Mehsana, Gujarat,India

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Abstract

nThe intellectual property rights (IPR) are intangible in nature and gives exclusive rights to inventor or creator for their valuable invention or creation. In present scenario of globalization, IPR is the focal point in global trade practices and livelihood across the world. These rights boost the innovative environment by giving recognition and economic benefits to creator or inventor whereas the lack of IPR awareness and its ineffective implementation may hamper the economic, technical and societal developments of nation. Hence dissemination of IPR knowledge and its appropriate implementation is utmost requirement for any nation. The present paper highlights various terms of IPR such as patents, trademarks, industrial designs, geographic indications, copyright, etc. with their corresponding rules, regulations, their need and role especially pertaining to Indian context. Further, status of India’s participation in IPR related activities across the world has been discussed in brief.n

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Keywords: Intellectual property rights, WIPO, patents, trademarks, industrial designs, layout design of semiconductor integrated circuit, geographic indications, copyright and related rights

n[if 424 equals=”Regular Issue”][This article belongs to Journal of Intellectual Property rights Law(jiprl)]

n[/if 424][if 424 equals=”Special Issue”][This article belongs to Special Issue under section in Journal of Intellectual Property rights Law(jiprl)] [/if 424]

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1. Singh R. Vol. 1. New Delhi: Universal Law Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd; 2004. Law relating to intellectual property (A complete comprehensive material on intellectual property covering acts, rules, conventions, treaties, agreements, case-Law and much more)
2. New Delhi: Department of Science and Technology (DST), Government of India; 2002. Anonymous. Research and development statistics.
3. New Delhi: Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, Government of India; 2002. Anonymous. Research and development in industry: An overview.
4. Bainbridge DI. New York: Longman; 2002. Intellectual property.
5. New Delhi: Universal Law Publishing Co. Ltd; 2004. Anonymous. The Design Act. 2000 along with Design Rules 2001.
6. New Delhi: Commercial Law Publisher (India) Pvt. Ltd; 2004. Anonymous. The Trademarks Act 1999 along with trade Marks Rules 2002.
7. New Delhi: Commercial Law Publisher (India) Pvt. Ltd; 2005. Anonymous. The Copyright Act 1957 as amended up to 1999 along with Copyright Rules 1958 and International Copyright Order 1999.
8. New Delhi: Universal Law Publishing Co. Ltd; 2004. Anonymous. The Geographical Indications of Goods (registration and protection) Act, 1999 along with Geographical Indications of Goods (registration and protection) Rules 2002.
9. New Delhi: Commercial Law Publisher (India) Private Ltd; 2005. Anonymous. The Patents Act, 1970 as amended by Patents (amendment) Act 2005.
10. Michaels A. 2nd ed. London: Sweet and Maxwell; 1996. A practical guide to Trade Mark Law.
11. D. M. Chudasama, L. K. Sharma, N. C. Solanki, Priyanka Sharma, “A Comparative Study of Information Systems Auditing in Indian Context”, IPASJ International Journal of Information Technology (IIJIT). April 2019; 7(4): 020–028. ISSN 2321-5976. UGC Approved (S. No 45786).
12. D. M. Chudasama, L. K. Sharma, N. C. Sonlanki, Priyanka Sharma. “Refine Framework of Information Systems Audits in Indian Context”, International Journal of Computer Sciences and Engineering. 2019; 7(5): 331–345. ISSN: 2347-2693. UGC Approved (S. No 63193).
13. Nihal Gulammahiyuddin Shaikh, Dhaval Chudasama. Research on Cyber Offenses under Information Technology Act, 2000. Recent Trends in Parallel Computing. 2021; 8(1): 14–20. ISSN: 2393-8749. UGC Approved (S. No 47081).
14. D. M. Chudasama, Kathan Patel, Parshwa Dand. “Awareness of Data Privacy Breach in Society”, International Journal of All Research Education and Scientific Methods (IJARESM). 2020; 8(10): 303–307. ISSN: 2455-6211. UGC Approved.
15. D. M. Chudasama, Darsh Patel, Abhishek Shah and Nihal Shaikh. “Research on Cybercrime and its Policing”, American Journal of Computer Science and Engineering Survey. 2020; 8(10): 14. ISSN: 2349-7238.
16. Soham Shah, M a Lokhandwala, D M Chudasama. “Decoding Farm Laws”, International Journal of Scientific Research and Engineering Development. 2021; 4(2): 590–595. ISSN: 2581-7175.
17. Dhaval Chudasama, Swapnil Gorasiya. “Real World and Cyber Crime”, Journal of Science. February – March 2021; 1(31): 1–5. ISSN: 2320-0006.
18. Dhaval Chudasama. “Strategies of the Successful Long Term Business”, Journal of Commerce Management. 2021; 1(40): 1–5. ISSN: 2279-025X.
19. Dhaval Chudasama. Why Choose Cyber Security as a Career. Current Trends in Information Technology, 2021; 11(1): 14–19. ISSN: 2348-7895.
20. Raj Singh Deora, Dhaval Chudasama. Brief Study of Cybercrime on an Internet. Journal of Communication Engineering & Systems. 2021; 11(1): 1–6. ISSN: 2321-5151. UGC Approved (S. No 46690).
21. Kathan Patel, Dhaval Chudasama. National Security Threats in Cyberspace. National Journal of Cyber Security Law. 2021; 4(1): 12–20.
22. Dhaval Chudasama, Nikhil Rajput. Protecting Ourselves from Digital Crimes. National Journal of Cyber Security Law. 2021; 4(1): 1–6.

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Volume 4
Issue 2
Received June 25, 2021
Accepted October 21, 2021
Published December 30, 2021

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JIPRL

Copyright Protection and Enforcement under the Cameroonian Copyright Law

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By [foreach 286]u00a0

u00a0Nah Anthony Tetinwe,

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nJanuary 9, 2023 at 8:54 am

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The extent to which literary, artistic and scientific works are afforded protection by copyright depends on the manner in which the state cares for its creative citizens. There exists today a plethora of legal and institutional frameworks charged with the task of protecting and enforcing copyright in Cameroon. In the presence of these laws and institutions, the question often raised is to know how digital copyrighted works are afforded protection in Cameroon. This is the major preoccupation this paper is out to respond. To address this issue, more emphasis has been on the various categories of works protected by copyright in Cameroon and how it is been enforced. Copyright protection and enforcement under the Cameroonian copyright laws is not really effective due to legislative and institutional loopholes and there need to be given more protection and enforcement.

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Volume :u00a0u00a04 | Issue :u00a0u00a01 | Received :u00a0u00a0November 21, 2020 | Accepted :u00a0u00a0December 7, 2020 | Published :u00a0u00a0May 25, 2021n[if 424 equals=”Regular Issue”][This article belongs to Journal of Intellectual Property rights Law(jiprl)] [/if 424][if 424 equals=”Special Issue”][This article belongs to Special Issue Copyright Protection and Enforcement under the Cameroonian Copyright Law under section in Journal of Intellectual Property rights Law(jiprl)] [/if 424]
Keywords Protection, enforcement, copyright, law

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1. A period that witnessed the emergence of new technologies of information and telecommunication, notably the internet (also referred to as the cyberspace).
2. Alan Davidson. The Law of Electronic Commerce. Vol. 399, New York, Cambridge University Press; 2009. pg. 12.
3. Ibid.
4. Comer Douglas E. Everything You Need to Know about Computer Networking and How the Internet Works, 5th ed., London, CRC Press, 2019; vol.405, pg. 32.
5. Law NO.2020/011 of 20th July 2020 Regulating Cultural and Artistic Associations in Cameroon.
6. Law N0.2000/011 of 19th December 2000 relating to Copyright and Neighbouring Rights.
7. Section 3(3) of the 2000 copyright law states that: “this law shall protect only expressions or original distinctive features resulting from a creation”.
8. Multimedia works though not defined by any statute, there is a consensus that a work that has the combination of sounds, texts, images in a digital format made accessible by computer programme benefits copyright protection, so long as it is an original authorial work.
9. This section states; composite works shall mean one to which is added a pre-existing work, not produced by the author of the latter.
10. Bently Lionel & Brad. S. Intellectual property Law, 4th ed., Oxford, Oxford University press, 2014; vol. 1296.
11. (1916) 2 Ch. 602.
12. (1897) 14 TLR 82.
13. Daschaco JT., (2019), International Intellectual Property Law, lecture notes Master’s I, FSJP University Dschang, pg. 20
14. (1982), RPC 69.
15. Daschaco JT., (2019), op. cit., (fn18), at, pg. 17
16. (1884-1885) TLR Vol.1
17. (1894) 3 Ch. 420
18. Bently Lionel & Brad. S., (2014), op. cit., (fn46), at pg. 63
19. (1984) FSR 481.
20. Bently Lionel & Brad. S., (2014), op. cit., (fn46), at pg.63.
21. Ibid.
22. Bainbridge David., (2007), op. cit., (fn16), at pg. 53.
23. Ibid.
24. Daschaco JT, (2019) op. cit., (fn18), at pg. 21.
25. Ibid.
26. Ibid
27. Bentley Lionel & Brad. S., (2014), op. cit., (fn13) at pg. 63.
28. Miendjem IL., (2019), “Le Père Noël des Créateurs et Diviseurs des OEuvres de l’Esprit au Cameroun: la loi N°2000/011 du 19 Décembre 2000 relative au droit d’auteur et aux droits voisins”. Revue générale de droit Université d’Ottawa, Canada (vol.32(3) number,3) pg.527-582.
29. (1916) 2 Ch. 601.
30. Bainbridge David, (2007), op. cit., (fn16), at pg. 39.
31. Section 4(1) of the 2000 Copyright Law.
32. Miendjiem I.L., (2019), op. cit., (fn9), at pg. 7.
33. Bently Lionel., (2014), op. cit., (fn46), at pg. 96.
34. (1924) 40 TLR 186, (1923) 93 LJPC 113 (PC).
35. Bently Lionel & Brad. S., (2014), op. cit., (fn46), at pg. 96.
36. (1964)1 ALL ER 465.
37. Bently Lionel & Brad.S., (2014), op. cit., (fn46), at pg. 96
38. (495/92) (1995) ZASCA 141; (1995) (2) SA 247 (AD); 1995 2 ALL SA 693 (A) (1994)
39. (2010), QCCA 1287 canLil.
40. Section 2 of the Berne Convention.
41. Bainbridge David, (2007), op. cit., (fn16), at pg.46.
42. Also, Section 7 (1) holds that; “the author shall be the individual who created a literary or artistic work.”
43. Section 327(1) (c) states, “infringes the moral rights, through violation of the right of disclosure, the right to authorship or the right to respect of a literary or artistic work”, shall be visited with imprisonment terms and fines.
44. Section 15 (1) of the 2000 Copyright Law states; “the patrimonial implications of copyright shall comprise the exclusive right of the author to use or authorise the use of his work in any form whatsoever and to reap the financial benefit therefrom”.
45. Section 15(2) of the 2000 Copyright Law states, “the exploitation right shall comprise representation right, reproduction right, transformation right, distribution right and indefeasible mortgagee right”.
46. Section 17(2) of the 2000 Copyright Law.
47. Daschaco JT., (2019), op. cit., (fn18), at pg.21.
48. Dashaco. J.T., (2019), op. cit., (fn18), at pg. 24.
49. Ibid.
50. Ibid.
51. To give effect to section 20(2) above, section 3 the Prime Ministerial Decree of 2015—the implementing statute of the 2000 Copyright Law provides payment equivalent to the rate of five per cent (5%).
52. Section 2(7) of the 2000 Copyright Law states; “work belonging to the public domain shall be one whose term of protection has lapsed”.
53. Section 8(3) of the 2015 Decree states; “royalties owed in respect of the expiration of works in the public domain shall be fifty per cent (50 %) of those which were usually paid when the work was still protected
54. (1876-77) L.R. 2App Cas 666, HL(E).
55. (1826)
56. Dashaco J.T., (2019), op. cit., (fn18), at pg. 36.
57. (1916) 1 Ch. 261.
58. Section 263, (public indecency) and section 295, (private indecency).
59. Nah Anthony, (2019), op. cit., (fn37) at pg. 13.
60. Dashaco JT., (2019), op. cit., (fn18), at pg. 35.
61. This section is retaken under section 327(1) (3) of the 2016 Cameroonian Penal Code. Penal sanction is also ordained in the TRIPS Agreement, and under section 65 of the Bangui Agreement.
62. K.yu Peter, (1989), Piracy and the Copyright Response. In “An Economic Analysis of Copyright Law” Journal of Legal Studies 18, No. 2 (June 1998):”325-363 pg. 2-3
63. This section states that “everyone has the right to the protection of moral and matrimonial interest resulting from any scientific, literary or artistic production of which he is the author”.
64. Nah Anthony, (2018), op. cit., (fn38) at pg. 15.
65. The legal measures for the protection and enforcement of copyright merely extend the categories of protected works and provide sanctions. Though these provisions include copyright expressed in the digital form, procedural measures are of great importance to effectively protect copyright on the internet era.
66. The major drawback of internet piracy to the music industry is that, it seriously discourages creativity and relegates right holders into a pungent miserable situation.

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Journal of Intellectual Property rights Law

ISSN: 2582-9742

Editors Overview

jiprl maintains an Editorial Board of practicing researchers from around the world, to ensure manuscripts are handled by editors who are experts in the field of study.

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    Nah Anthony Tetinwe

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nThe extent to which literary, artistic and scientific works are afforded protection by copyright depends on the manner in which the state cares for its creative citizens. There exists today a plethora of legal and institutional frameworks charged with the task of protecting and enforcing copyright in Cameroon. In the presence of these laws and institutions, the question often raised is to know how digital copyrighted works are afforded protection in Cameroon. This is the major preoccupation this paper is out to respond. To address this issue, more emphasis has been on the various categories of works protected by copyright in Cameroon and how it is been enforced. Copyright protection and enforcement under the Cameroonian copyright laws is not really effective due to legislative and institutional loopholes and there need to be given more protection and enforcement.n

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Keywords: Protection, enforcement, copyright, law

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1. A period that witnessed the emergence of new technologies of information and telecommunication, notably the internet (also referred to as the cyberspace).
2. Alan Davidson. The Law of Electronic Commerce. Vol. 399, New York, Cambridge University Press; 2009. pg. 12.
3. Ibid.
4. Comer Douglas E. Everything You Need to Know about Computer Networking and How the Internet Works, 5th ed., London, CRC Press, 2019; vol.405, pg. 32.
5. Law NO.2020/011 of 20th July 2020 Regulating Cultural and Artistic Associations in Cameroon.
6. Law N0.2000/011 of 19th December 2000 relating to Copyright and Neighbouring Rights.
7. Section 3(3) of the 2000 copyright law states that: “this law shall protect only expressions or original distinctive features resulting from a creation”.
8. Multimedia works though not defined by any statute, there is a consensus that a work that has the combination of sounds, texts, images in a digital format made accessible by computer programme benefits copyright protection, so long as it is an original authorial work.
9. This section states; composite works shall mean one to which is added a pre-existing work, not produced by the author of the latter.
10. Bently Lionel & Brad. S. Intellectual property Law, 4th ed., Oxford, Oxford University press, 2014; vol. 1296.
11. (1916) 2 Ch. 602.
12. (1897) 14 TLR 82.
13. Daschaco JT., (2019), International Intellectual Property Law, lecture notes Master’s I, FSJP University Dschang, pg. 20
14. (1982), RPC 69.
15. Daschaco JT., (2019), op. cit., (fn18), at, pg. 17
16. (1884-1885) TLR Vol.1
17. (1894) 3 Ch. 420
18. Bently Lionel & Brad. S., (2014), op. cit., (fn46), at pg. 63
19. (1984) FSR 481.
20. Bently Lionel & Brad. S., (2014), op. cit., (fn46), at pg.63.
21. Ibid.
22. Bainbridge David., (2007), op. cit., (fn16), at pg. 53.
23. Ibid.
24. Daschaco JT, (2019) op. cit., (fn18), at pg. 21.
25. Ibid.
26. Ibid
27. Bentley Lionel & Brad. S., (2014), op. cit., (fn13) at pg. 63.
28. Miendjem IL., (2019), “Le Père Noël des Créateurs et Diviseurs des OEuvres de l’Esprit au Cameroun: la loi N°2000/011 du 19 Décembre 2000 relative au droit d’auteur et aux droits voisins”. Revue générale de droit Université d’Ottawa, Canada (vol.32(3) number,3) pg.527-582.
29. (1916) 2 Ch. 601.
30. Bainbridge David, (2007), op. cit., (fn16), at pg. 39.
31. Section 4(1) of the 2000 Copyright Law.
32. Miendjiem I.L., (2019), op. cit., (fn9), at pg. 7.
33. Bently Lionel., (2014), op. cit., (fn46), at pg. 96.
34. (1924) 40 TLR 186, (1923) 93 LJPC 113 (PC).
35. Bently Lionel & Brad. S., (2014), op. cit., (fn46), at pg. 96.
36. (1964)1 ALL ER 465.
37. Bently Lionel & Brad.S., (2014), op. cit., (fn46), at pg. 96
38. (495/92) (1995) ZASCA 141; (1995) (2) SA 247 (AD); 1995 2 ALL SA 693 (A) (1994)
39. (2010), QCCA 1287 canLil.
40. Section 2 of the Berne Convention.
41. Bainbridge David, (2007), op. cit., (fn16), at pg.46.
42. Also, Section 7 (1) holds that; “the author shall be the individual who created a literary or artistic work.”
43. Section 327(1) (c) states, “infringes the moral rights, through violation of the right of disclosure, the right to authorship or the right to respect of a literary or artistic work”, shall be visited with imprisonment terms and fines.
44. Section 15 (1) of the 2000 Copyright Law states; “the patrimonial implications of copyright shall comprise the exclusive right of the author to use or authorise the use of his work in any form whatsoever and to reap the financial benefit therefrom”.
45. Section 15(2) of the 2000 Copyright Law states, “the exploitation right shall comprise representation right, reproduction right, transformation right, distribution right and indefeasible mortgagee right”.
46. Section 17(2) of the 2000 Copyright Law.
47. Daschaco JT., (2019), op. cit., (fn18), at pg.21.
48. Dashaco. J.T., (2019), op. cit., (fn18), at pg. 24.
49. Ibid.
50. Ibid.
51. To give effect to section 20(2) above, section 3 the Prime Ministerial Decree of 2015—the implementing statute of the 2000 Copyright Law provides payment equivalent to the rate of five per cent (5%).
52. Section 2(7) of the 2000 Copyright Law states; “work belonging to the public domain shall be one whose term of protection has lapsed”.
53. Section 8(3) of the 2015 Decree states; “royalties owed in respect of the expiration of works in the public domain shall be fifty per cent (50 %) of those which were usually paid when the work was still protected
54. (1876-77) L.R. 2App Cas 666, HL(E).
55. (1826)
56. Dashaco J.T., (2019), op. cit., (fn18), at pg. 36.
57. (1916) 1 Ch. 261.
58. Section 263, (public indecency) and section 295, (private indecency).
59. Nah Anthony, (2019), op. cit., (fn37) at pg. 13.
60. Dashaco JT., (2019), op. cit., (fn18), at pg. 35.
61. This section is retaken under section 327(1) (3) of the 2016 Cameroonian Penal Code. Penal sanction is also ordained in the TRIPS Agreement, and under section 65 of the Bangui Agreement.
62. K.yu Peter, (1989), Piracy and the Copyright Response. In “An Economic Analysis of Copyright Law” Journal of Legal Studies 18, No. 2 (June 1998):”325-363 pg. 2-3
63. This section states that “everyone has the right to the protection of moral and matrimonial interest resulting from any scientific, literary or artistic production of which he is the author”.
64. Nah Anthony, (2018), op. cit., (fn38) at pg. 15.
65. The legal measures for the protection and enforcement of copyright merely extend the categories of protected works and provide sanctions. Though these provisions include copyright expressed in the digital form, procedural measures are of great importance to effectively protect copyright on the internet era.
66. The major drawback of internet piracy to the music industry is that, it seriously discourages creativity and relegates right holders into a pungent miserable situation.

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Volume 4
Issue 1
Received November 21, 2020
Accepted December 7, 2020
Published May 25, 2021

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JIPRL

Copyright Law and Technology: Challenging the Concept of Balance

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nJanuary 9, 2023 at 8:49 am

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Somewhat recently, intellectual property law has been under constant investigation which challenges the modes and approaches regarding how to manage the effect of innovative progression on its customarily settled standards. In addition, discusses right now encompassing the problem between the copyright and innovation are constantly inimically arranged – between the interests of creators versus those of the general public; among makers and customers; between private and public space. Likewise, different copyright defences under various public what is more global lawful structures are challenged with their capacity of finding some kind of harmony. Consequently, the idea of ‘balance’ has turned into an essential thought that different lawful arrangements what is more analyses are taking a stab at to accomplish, yet additionally view it as a situating guideline for intellectual property law’s enhancement. This paper starts with an Introduction, which analyses the concept of balance between the two regimes as a whole, stating the objectives of the current research paper, framing the 3 research questions and mentioning the research methodology and then the research paper is divided into various parts. The starting discussion talks about the concept of balance between the copyright and technology at present. It highlights the concept of balance between copyright and technology in the past, thus further paper mentions the scope and importance of balance between these concepts with the emergence of technology with changing times. The paper is finally concluded by the Conclusion stating the viewpoint of the researcher after analysing the 3 research questions.

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Volume :u00a0u00a04 | Issue :u00a0u00a02 | Received :u00a0u00a0November 25, 2021 | Accepted :u00a0u00a0December 5, 2021 | Published :u00a0u00a0December 30, 2021n[if 424 equals=”Regular Issue”][This article belongs to Journal of Intellectual Property rights Law(jiprl)] [/if 424][if 424 equals=”Special Issue”][This article belongs to Special Issue Copyright Law and Technology: Challenging the Concept of Balance under section in Journal of Intellectual Property rights Law(jiprl)] [/if 424]
Keywords Balance, copyright, technology, public interest and individual’s interest

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1. Danilo Mandic, Balance: Resolving the conundrum between copyright and technology? Fifth Advanced Research Forum on Intellectual Property Rights; Selected Topics on the Balance of Intellectual Property WIPO, May 2011
2. Brain A Carlson, Balancing the digital scales of copyright law, 50 SMU L. REV. 825 (2016)
3. CCH Canadian Ltd. v. Law Society of Upper Canada, 2004 SCC 13 (CanLII) [Internet]. Canlii.org. CanLII; 2004 [cited 2021 Dec 6]. Available from: https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/scc/doc/2004/2004scc13/2004scc13.html
4. Copyright Directive 2001 5. Donaldson v Becket, 1 Eng. Rep. 837
6. Gillespie, T. (2007) Wired Shut: copyright and the shape of digital culture Cambridge: MIT Press; p.31
7. Mandic, D. 2011. Copyright Law and Technology: Challenging the Concept of Balance. Fifth Advanced Research Forum on Intellectual Property Rights, WIPO. Geneva, Switzerland 23 – 25 May 2011
8. Neha Sharma, Copyright law and technology: Challenging the concept of Balance published on April 26, 2016.

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[if 424 not_equal=”Regular Issue”] Regular Issue[/if 424] Open Access Article

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Journal of Intellectual Property rights Law

ISSN: 2582-9742

Editors Overview

jiprl maintains an Editorial Board of practicing researchers from around the world, to ensure manuscripts are handled by editors who are experts in the field of study.

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    Purti Srivastava

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  1. Student,Bennett University,Uttar Pradesh,India

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nSomewhat recently, intellectual property law has been under constant investigation which challenges the modes and approaches regarding how to manage the effect of innovative progression on its customarily settled standards. In addition, discusses right now encompassing the problem between the copyright and innovation are constantly inimically arranged – between the interests of creators versus those of the general public; among makers and customers; between private and public space. Likewise, different copyright defences under various public what is more global lawful structures are challenged with their capacity of finding some kind of harmony. Consequently, the idea of ‘balance’ has turned into an essential thought that different lawful arrangements what is more analyses are taking a stab at to accomplish, yet additionally view it as a situating guideline for intellectual property law’s enhancement. This paper starts with an Introduction, which analyses the concept of balance between the two regimes as a whole, stating the objectives of the current research paper, framing the 3 research questions and mentioning the research methodology and then the research paper is divided into various parts. The starting discussion talks about the concept of balance between the copyright and technology at present. It highlights the concept of balance between copyright and technology in the past, thus further paper mentions the scope and importance of balance between these concepts with the emergence of technology with changing times. The paper is finally concluded by the Conclusion stating the viewpoint of the researcher after analysing the 3 research questions.n

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Keywords: Balance, copyright, technology, public interest and individual’s interest

n[if 424 equals=”Regular Issue”][This article belongs to Journal of Intellectual Property rights Law(jiprl)]

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1. Danilo Mandic, Balance: Resolving the conundrum between copyright and technology? Fifth Advanced Research Forum on Intellectual Property Rights; Selected Topics on the Balance of Intellectual Property WIPO, May 2011
2. Brain A Carlson, Balancing the digital scales of copyright law, 50 SMU L. REV. 825 (2016)
3. CCH Canadian Ltd. v. Law Society of Upper Canada, 2004 SCC 13 (CanLII) [Internet]. Canlii.org. CanLII; 2004 [cited 2021 Dec 6]. Available from: https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/scc/doc/2004/2004scc13/2004scc13.html
4. Copyright Directive 2001 5. Donaldson v Becket, 1 Eng. Rep. 837
6. Gillespie, T. (2007) Wired Shut: copyright and the shape of digital culture Cambridge: MIT Press; p.31
7. Mandic, D. 2011. Copyright Law and Technology: Challenging the Concept of Balance. Fifth Advanced Research Forum on Intellectual Property Rights, WIPO. Geneva, Switzerland 23 – 25 May 2011
8. Neha Sharma, Copyright law and technology: Challenging the concept of Balance published on April 26, 2016.

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Volume 4
Issue 2
Received November 25, 2021
Accepted December 5, 2021
Published December 30, 2021

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