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nIn this experimental work, a single SU-8 based glass microfluidic device is fabricated by maskless lithography and indirect bonding technique. Dyed water is prepared and used as working liquid. A CMOS camera is used to record the surface-driven microfluidic flow of dyed water in the fabricated SU-8 device. Leakage-free surface-driven microfluidic flow of dyed water is recorded. Nanofluidics is the next level of fluid mechanics after microfluidics towards miniaturisation of fluidic devices. In future, this experimental work may be helpful to fabricate the nanofluidic sensors in nanotechnology.n

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1. C. C. Chang, R. J. Yang, “Electrokinetic Mixing in Microfluidic Systems”, Microfluid Nanofluid, Vol. 3 (2007) Pages 501-525.
2. F. Mugele, J. C. Baret, “Electrowetting: from Basics to Applications”, Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, Vol. 17 (2005) Pages R705-R774.
3. R. Pethig, “Review Article—Dielectrophoresis: Status of the Theory, Technology, and Applications”, Biomicrofluidics, Vol. 4 (2010) Page 022811.
4. S. Mukhopadhyay, J. P. Banerjee, S. S. Roy, S. K. Metya, M. Tweedie, J. A. McLaughlin, “Effects of Surface Properties on Fluid Engineering Generated by the Surface-Driven Capillary Flow of Water in Microfluidic Lab-on-a-Chip Systems for Bioengineering Applications”, Surface Review and Letters, Vol. 24, No. 3 (2017) Page 1750041.
5. S. Mukhopadhyay, S. S. Roy, Raechelle A. D’Sa, A. Mathur, R. J. Holmes, J. A. McLaughlin, “Nanoscale Surface Modifications to Control Capillary Flow Characteristics in PMMA Microfluidic Devices”, Nanoscale Research Letters, Vol. 6 (2011) Page 411.
6. S. Mukhopadhyay, J. P. Banerjee, S. S. Roy, “Effects of Channel Aspect Ratio, Surface Wettability and Liquid Viscosity on Capillary Flow through PMMA Sudden Expansion Microchannels”, Advanced Science Focus, Vol. 1, No. 2 (2013) Pages 139-144.
7. S. Mukhopadhyay, “Optimisation of the Experimental Methods for the Fabrication of Polymer Microstructures and Polymer Microfluidic Devices for Bioengineering Applications”, Journal of Polymer & Composites, Vol. 4, Issue 3 (2016) Pages 8-26.
8. S. Mukhopadhyay, “Experimental Investigations on the Durability of PMMA Microfluidic Devices Fabricated by Hot Embossing Lithography with Plasma Processing for Bioengineering Applications”, Emerging Trends in Chemical Engineering, Vol. 3, Issue 3 (2016) Pages 1-18.
9. S. Mukhopadhyay, “Experimental Investigations on the Effects of Channel Aspect Ratio and Surface Wettability to Control the Surface-Driven Capillary Flow of Water in Straight PMMA Microchannels”, Trends in Opto-Electro & Optical Communications, Vol. 6, Issue 3 (2016) Pages 1-12.
10. S. Mukhopadhyay, “Report on the Separation Efficiency with Separation Time in the Microfluidic Lab-on-a-Chip Systems Fabricated by Polymers in this 21st Century of 3rd Millennium”, Journal of Experimental and Applied Mechanics, Vol. 7, Issue 3 (2016) Pages 20-37.
11. S. Mukhopadhyay, “Experimental Investigations on the Surface-Driven Capillary Flow of Aqueous Microparticle Suspensions in the Microfluidic Laboratory-on-a-Chip Systems”, Surface Review and Letters, Vol. 24, No. 8 (2017) Page 1750107.
12. S. Mukhopadhyay, “Surface-Driven Capillary Flow of Aqueous Microparticle Suspensions as Working Liquids in the PMMA Microfluidic Devices”, Trends in Opto-Electro and Optical Communications, Vol. 7, Issue 1 (2017) Pages 18-21.
13. S. Mukhopadhyay, “Passive Capillary Flow of Aqueous Microparticle Suspensions in the Sudden Expansion PMMA Microchannels”, Trends in Opto-Electro and Optical Communications, Vol. 7, Issue 1 (2017) Pages 13-17.
14. S. Mukhopadhyay, “Surface-Driven Capillary Flow of Aqueous Isopropyl Alcohol in the Sudden Expansion PMMA Microchannels”, Emerging Trends in Chemical Engineering, Vol. 4, Issue 2 (2017) Pages 1-4.
15. S. Mukhopadhyay, “Novel Recording of the Surface-Driven Capillary Flow of Water in a PMMA Microfluidic Device by CMOS Camera”, Research & Reviews: Journal of Physics, Vol. 6, Issue 1 (2017) Pages 16-21.
16. S. Mukhopadhyay, “Experimental Studies on the Effects of Liquid Viscosity and Surface Wettability in PMMA Microfluidic Devices”, Recent Trends in Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 4, Issue 1 (2017) Pages 16-21.
17. S. Mukhopadhyay, “Experimental Investigations on the Effects of Surface Modifications to Control the Surface-Driven capillary flow of Aqueous Working Liquids in the PMMA Microfluidic Devices”, Advanced Science, Engineering and Medicine, Vol. 9, Number 11 (2017) Pages 959-970.

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nIn this paper we have report the properties of CdSe Q-dots. Calculations of different parameters for different sizes of CdSe Q-dots are presented. The XRD analysis used to find the composition, crystal structure and crystallite size. Scherrer equation is used to calculate the Nano crystallite size. XRD analysis reveals that the CdSe QD crystallite sizes in the sample are 3.26 nm, 3.72 nm, and 3.20 nm by applying the appropriate capping agent during the synthesis process. The optical absorption studies revealed that the observed absorption edges in the nano crystalline samples exhibited a blue shift due to the quantum confinement effect. Strain is also increased with decreasing the size of nanoparticles.PL study revealed.n

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1. Chauhan, J., Mehto, V.R. and Kumar, D., 2018. Synthesis and Characterization of CdS Nanoparticles for LED Application. International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology, 4(1), pp.12-18.
2. Drexler, K.E., 1986. New era of nanotechnology. Engines of creation: The coming era of nanotechnology, New York, Anchor Press, pp.99-129.
3. Drexler, K.E., 1992. Nanosystems: molecular machinery, manufacturing, and computation. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
4. Ashoori, R. C. (1996). “”Electrons in artificial atoms””. Nature. 379 (6564): 413419. Bibcode:1996Natur. 379..413A. doi:10.1038/379413a0.
5. Tsui, D.C. and Stormer, H.L., 1983. JCM Hwang, JS Brooks and MJ Naughton. Phys. Rev, 828, p.2274.
6. Jang, H.S. and Jeon, D.Y., 2007. Yellow-emitting Sr 3 Si O 5: Ce 3+, Li+ phosphor for white-light-emitting diodes and yellow-light-emitting diodes. Applied Physics Letters, 90(4), p.041906.
7. Shalom, M., Dor, S., Ruhle, S., Grinis, L. and Zaban, A., 2009. Core/CdS quantum dot/shell mesoporous solar cells with improved stability and efficiency using an amorphous TiO2 coating. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 113(9), pp.3895-3898.
8. Cui, Q., Liu, C., Wu, F., Yue, W., Qiu, Z., Zhang, H., Gao, F., Shen, W. and Wang, M., 2013. Performance improvement in polymer/ZnO nanoarray hybrid solar cells by formation of ZnO/CdS-core/shell heterostructures. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 117(11), pp.5626-5637.
9. Chauhan, J., Mehto, V.R. and Soni, D., Synthesis and Characterization of Size Tuned CdS Quantum Dots Journal of Nanoscience, Nanoengineering & Applications 2018; 08 (01): 28-39p.
10. Wang, H., Wong, K.S., Foreman, B.A., Yang, Z.Y. and Wong, G.K.L., 1998. One-and two-photon-exciting time-resolved photoluminescence investigations of bulk and surface recombination dynamics in ZnSe. Journal of applied physics, 83(9), pp.4773-4776.
11. Hollingsworth, R.E. and Sites, J.R., 1982. Photoluminescence dead layer in p‐type InP. Journal of Applied Physics, 53(7), pp.5357-5358.
12. Continuous Flow Synthesis Method for Fluorescent Quantum Dots. Azonano.com (2013-06-01). Retrieved on 2015-07-19.
13. Van Driel, A.F., Allan, G., Delerue, C., Lodahl, P., Vos, W.L. and Vanmaekelbergh, D., 2005. Frequency-dependent spontaneous emission rate from CdSe and CdTe nanocrystals: Influence of dark states. Physical Review Letters, 95(23), p.236804.
14. Michalet, X., Pinaud, F.F., Bentolila, L.A., Tsay, J.M., Doose, S.J.J.L., Li, J.J., Sundaresan, G., Wu, A.M., Gambhir, S.S. and Weiss, S., 2005. Quantum dots for live cells, in vivo imaging, and diagnostics. science, 307(5709), pp.538-544.
15. Konstantatos, G. and Sargent, E.H., 2009. Solution-processed quantum dot photodetectors. Proceedings of the IEEE, 97(10), pp.1666-1683.
16. Konstantatos, G., 2009. Sensitive Solution-processed Quantum Dot Photodetectors (Doctoral dissertation).
17. Lev Isaakovich Berger (1996). Semiconductor materials. CRC Press. p. 202. ISBN 0- 8493-8912-7.
18. Anderson, N.C., and Owen, J.S., 2013. Soluble, chloride terminated CdSe nanocrystals: ligand exchange monitored by 1H and 31P NMR spectroscopy. Chemistry of Materials, 25(1), pp.69-76.
19. García‐García, J., González‐Hernández, J., Mendoza‐Alvarez, J.G., Cruz, E.L. and Contreras‐Puente, G., 1990. Photoluminescence characterization of the surface layer of chemically etched CdTe. Journal of applied physics, 67(8), pp.3810-3814.
20. Chauhan, J. and Bhopche, V., Study of Implementation of Led Using Cads Based Quantum Dot.
21. Klug, H.P. and Alexander, L.E., 1974. X-rays; x-ray diffraction.
22. D. Kaushik, Thesis “Studies on Low Dimensional II-VI Semiconductor Compounds”, B.U. Bhopal (2007).
23. Hegazy, M.A. and Abd El-Hameed, A.M., 2014. Characterization of CdSe-nanocrystals used in semiconductors for aerospace applications: Production and optical properties. NRIAG Journal of Astronomy and Geophysics, 3(1), pp.82-87.
24. Dipesh, N., 2012. Structural and optical investigation of CdSe quantum dots. Kathmandu University Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology, 8(2), pp.83-88.
25. Dorset, D.L., 1998. X-ray diffraction: a practical approach. Microscopy and microanalysis, 4(5), pp.513-515.
26. Sankaran, R.M., Holunga, D., Flagan, R.C. and Giapis, K.P., 2005. Synthesis of blue luminescent Si nanoparticles using atmospheric pressure microdischarges. Nano letters, 5(3), pp.537-541.

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nChemical synthesis is one of the commonly used method for nanoparticles synthesis. Different chemicals acts as reducing agents which converts chemical precursor into its nano form. There are various chemical methods for the synthesis of zero valent silver nanoparticles. The silver nitrate is commonly used as precursor, sodium borohydride acts as reducing agent while sodium dodecyl sulphate stabilizes the formation of nanoparticles. The formation of silver nanoparticles was characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) X-ray diffraction technique (XRD) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The silver nanoparticles showed characteristic peak at 431 nm. The different functional groups attached to it were analyzed by FTIR spectroscopy. In X-ray diffraction analysis of nanoparticles, it showed highest peak at (111) crystal plane with 2 θ value 34.00. The hexagonal structure of silver nanoparticles was determined by SEM analysis. The zero valent silver nanoparticles synthesized by chemical reduction method have antimicrobial activity against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. It showed 18 mm and 21 mm zone of inhibition against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus micro-organism respectively. The dye degradation ability of silver nanoparticles was tested against organic dyes. The synthesized nanoparticles effectively degrade methylene blue dye within 24 hours. Thus, chemically synthesized zero valent silver nanoparticles were effectively utilized for biomedical and environmental applications.n

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1. Senthilkumar, N., Raadha, S.S. and Udayavani, S., 2015. Synthesis and Characterization of Silver Nanoparticle by Chemical Route Method. International Journal of Production Engineering, 1 (1), pp. 25–34.
2. Prasad, R., and Swamy, V.S., 2013. Antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles synthesized by bark extract of Syzygium cumini. Journal of Nanoparticles, 2013.
3. Maiti, S., Krishnan, D., Barman, G., Ghosh, S.K. and Laha, J.K., 2014. Antimicrobial activities of silver nanoparticles synthesized from Lycopersicon esculentum extract. Journal of analytical science and technology, 5 (1), pp.1–7.
4. Bhakya, S., Muthukrishnan, S., Sukumaran, M., Muthukumar, M., Kumar, S.T. and Rao, M.V., 2015. Catalytic degradation of organic dyes using synthesized silver nanoparticles: a green approach. Journal of Bioremediation & Biodegredation, 6 (5), p.1.
5. Kumari, R.M., Thapa, N., Gupta, N., Kumar, A. and Nimesh, S., 2016. Antibacterial and photocatalytic degradation efficacy of silver nanoparticles biosynthesized using Cordia dichotoma leaf extract. Advances in Natural Sciences: Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 7 (4), p.045009.
6. Mostafa, A.A., Sayed, S.R., Solkamy, E.N., Khan, M., Shaik, M.R., Al-Warthan, A. and Adil, S.F., 2015. Evaluation of biological activities of chemically synthesized silver nanoparticles. Journal of Nanomaterials, 2015.
7. Lee, S.M., Song, K.C. and Lee, B.S., 2010. Antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles prepared by a chemical reduction method. Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, 27(2), pp. 688–692.
8. Khatoon, U.T., Rao, K.V., Rao, J.R. and Aparna, Y., 2011, November. Synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles by chemical reduction method. In International Conference on Nanoscience, Engineering and Technology (ICONSET 2011) (pp. 97–99). IEEE.
9. Zhang, X.F., Liu, Z.G., Shen, W. and Gurunathan, S., 2016. Silver nanoparticles: synthesis, characterization, properties, applications, and therapeutic approaches. International journal of molecular sciences, 17 (9), p.1534.
10. Jyoti, K., Baunthiyal, M. and Singh, A., 2016. Characterization of silver nanoparticles synthesized using Urtica dioica Linn. leaves and their synergistic effects with antibiotics. Journal of Radiation Research and Applied Sciences, 9 (3), pp. 217–227.
11. Chand, K., Cao, D., Fouad, D.E., Shah, A.H., Dayo, A.Q., Zhu, K., Lakhan, M.N., Mehdi, G. and Dong, S., 2020. Green synthesis, characterization and photocatalytic application of silver nanoparticles synthesized by various plant extracts. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 13 (11), pp. 8248–8261.
12. Vanaja, M., Paulkumar, K., Baburaja, M., Rajeshkumar, S., Gnanajobitha, G., Malarkodi, C., Sivakavinesan, M. and Annadurai, G., 2014. Degradation of methylene blue using biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles. Bioinorganic chemistry and applications, 2014.
13. Senthil, B., Devasena, T., Prakash, B. and Rajasekar, A., 2017. Non-cytotoxic effect of green synthesized silver nanoparticles and its antibacterial activity. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, 177, pp. 1–7.
14. Gudikandula, K. and Charya Maringanti, S., 2016. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles by chemical and biological methods and their antimicrobial properties. Journal of Experimental Nanoscience, 11 (9), pp. 714–721.
15. Guzmán, M.G., Dille, J. and Godet, S., 2008. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles by chemical reduction method and their antibacterial activity. International Journal of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, 2 (7), pp. 91–98.
16. Chahar, V., Sharma, B., Shukla, G., Srivastava, A. and Bhatnagar, A., 2018. Study of antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles synthesized using green and chemical approach. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 554, pp. 149–155.
17. Anjana, R. and Geetha, N., 2019. Degradation of methylene blue using silver nanoparticles synthesized from Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers Leaf aqueous extract. Int J Sci Technol Res, 8 (9), pp. 225–229. 18. Al-Zaban, M.I., Mahmoud, M.A. and AlHarbi, M.A., 2021. Catalytic degradation of methylene blue using silver nanoparticles synthesized by honey. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 28 (3), pp.2007–2013.

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nSynthesis of nanoparticles using plant extracts is an emerging as a new and effective method that avoids the involvement of toxic chemicals. In this study AgNPs synthesized using Calpurnia aurea leaf extracts were evaluated for their antibacterial activity. The green synthesized AgNPs were characterized using analytical instruments like UV–visible, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). The UV-Vis spectra shows surface Plasmon resonance peak present at 429 nm. The observed FTIR spectra of the extract exhibited some degree shift in the corresponding nanoparticles, this result clearly showed that the extracts contain functional groups act in capping the nanoparticles. XRD analysis revealed that silver nanoparticle was crystalline in nature and has facecentered cubic geometry. The antibacterial activity of both AgNPs and extract were evaluated against Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli. Bacteria using agar well diffusion assay. The synthesized AgNPs showed enhanced antibacterial potential against Bacillus subtilis than Escherichia coli.n

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1. El-Shahaby, O., El-Zayat, M., Salih, E., El-Sherbiny, I. M. and Reicha, F.M. Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of water infusion plant-mediated silver nanoparticles. J. Nanomed. Nanotechol. 2013, 4, 178.
2. G. Morose, The 5 principles of “Design for Safer Nanotechnology,” J. Clean. Prod. 18 (2010) 285–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2009.10.001.
3. Allafchian, A. R., Mirahmadi-Zare, S.Z., Jalali, S.A.H., Hashemi, S.S. and Vahabi, M.R. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using phlomis. J. Nanostructure in Chem. 2016, 6,129–135.
4. Sondi, I. and Salopek-Sondi, B. Silver nanoparticles as antimicrobial agent: a case study on E. coli as a model for Gram-negative bacteria. Journal of colloid and interface science. 2004, 275, 177–182.
5. Ananthi, P.; Jeyapaul, U.; James, A.; Balgan, A.S.; Mary J.K. Green synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles using TriumfettaRotundifolia plant extract and its antibacterial activities. J. Nat. Prod. Plant Resour. 2016, 6, 21-27.
6. Baker, C., Pradhan, A., Pakstis, L., Pochan, D.J. and Shah, S.I. Synthesis and antibacterial properties of silver nanoparticles. J. nanosci. and nanotechnol., 2005, 5, 244–249.
7. Latha, N. and Gowri, M. Biosynthesis and characterisation of Fe3O4 nanoparticles using Caricaya papaya leaves extract. Int J Sci Res, 2014, 3, 1551–1556.
8. Li, X.Q., Elliott, D.W. and Zhang, W.X. Zero-valent iron nanoparticles for abatement of environmental pollutants: materials and engineering aspects. Critical reviews in solid state and materials sciences, 2006, 31, 111–122.
9. Makarov, V.V., Love, A.J., Sinitsyna, O.V., Makarova, S.S., Yaminsky, I.V., Taliansky, M.E. and Kalinina, N.O. “Gre nanoparticles using plants. Acta Naturae. 2014, 6, 20.
10. Ren, Y.Y., Yang, H., Wang, T. and Wang, C. Green synthesis and antimicrobial activity of monodisperse silver nanoparticles synthesized using Ginkgo Biloba leaf extract. Physics Letters A, 2016, 380, 3773–3777.
11. Zhu, Z., Piao, S., Myneni, R.B., Huang, M., Zeng, Z., Canadell, J.G., Ciais, P., Sitch, S., Friedlingstein, P., Arneth, A. and Cao, C. Greening of the Earth and its drivers. Nature climate change, 2016, 6, 791–795. Thenmozhi, B.; suryakiran, S.; sudha, R.; revathy, B. Green synthesis and comparative study of silver and iron nanoparticle from leaf extract. int. J. instit. pharm and life sci. 2014, 4, 1–19.
12. Pattanayak, M. and Nayak, P.L. Green synthesis and characterization of zero valent iron nanoparticles from the leaf extract of Azadirachta indica (Neem). World J. Nano Sci. Technol, 2013, 2, 06–09.
13. Hebbalalu, D., Lalley, J., Nadagouda, M.N. and Varma, R.S. Greener techniques for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles using plant extracts, enzymes, bacteria, biodegradable polymers, and microwaves. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 2013, 1, 703–712.
14. Njagi, E.C., Huang, H., Stafford, L., Genuino, H., Galindo, H.M., Collins, J.B., Hoag, G. E. and Suib, S.L. Biosynthesis of iron and silver nanoparticles at room temperature using aqueous sorghum bran extracts. Langmuir. 2010, 27, 264–271.
15. Amit, K Mittal.; Yusuf, Chisti.; Uttam, Ch. B. Synthesis of metallic nanoparticles using plant extracts. J. Biotechnol. Adv. 2013, 31, 346–356
16. Vijayaraghavan, K., Nalini, S.K., Prakash, N.U. and Madhankumar, D. Biomimetic synthesis of silver nanoparticles by aqueous extract of Syzygium aromaticum. Materials Letters, 2012, 75, 33–35.
17. Jagtap, U.B. and Bapat, V.A. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. seed extract and its antibacterial activity. Industrial Crops and Products, 2013, 46,132–137.
18. Edison, T.N.J.I., Baral, E.R., Lee, Y.R. and Kim, S.H. Biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Cnidium officinale extract and their catalytic reduction of 4-Nitroaniline. Journal of Cluster Science, 2016. 27, 285–298.
19. Ndikau, M., Noah, N.M., Andala, D.M. and Masika, E. Green Synthesis and Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles Using Citrullus lanatus Fruit Rind Extract. International journal of analytical chemistry, 2017, 2017.
20. Wang, T., Lin, J., Chen, Z., Megharaj, M. and Naidu, R. Green synthesized iron nanoparticles by green tea and eucalyptus leaves extracts used for removal of nitrate in aqueous solution. Journal of cleaner production, 2014, 83, 413–419.
21. Ghaedi, M., Yousefinejad, M., Safarpoor, M., Khafri, H.Z. and Purkait, M.K. Rosmarinus officinalis leaf extract mediated green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and investigation of its antimicrobial properties. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 2015, 31, 167–172.
22. Zohra, S.F., Meriem, B., Samira, S. and Alsayadi-Muneer, M.S. Phytochemical screening and identification of some compounds from mallow. J Nat Prod Plant Resour. 2012, 2, 512–516.
23. Yang, N. and Li, W.H. Mango peel extract mediated novel route for synthesis of silver nanoparticles and antibacterial application of silver nanoparticles loaded onto non-woven fabrics. Industrial Crops and Products, 2013, 48, 81–88.
24. Pethakamsetty, L., Kothapenta, K., Nammi, H.R., Ruddaraju, L.K., Kollu, P., Yoon, S.G. and Pammi, S.V.N. Green synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles using methanolic root extracts of Diospyros sylvatica. J.Envi. Sci., 2017, 55, 157–163.
25. Fadel, Q.J. and Al-Mashhedy, L.A.M. Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Peel Extract of Raphanus sativus L. BioTechnol: An Indian Journal, 2017, 13.
26. Ajayi, E. and Afolayan, A. Green synthesis, characterization and biological activities of silver nanoparticles from alkalinized Cymbopogon citratus Stapf. Advances in Natural Sciences: Nanosci. and Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 15–17.
27. Sarkar, D.; Paul, G. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Mentha asiatica (Mint) extract and evaluation of their antimicrobial potential, Int. J. Curr. Res. Biosci. Plant Biol. 2017, 4, 77–82.
28. Mohanta, Y.K., Panda, S.K., Bastia, A.K. and Mohanta, T.K. Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles from Protium serratum and investigation of their potential impacts on food safety and control. Frontiers in microbiology, 2017, 8, 626.
29. Ahmed, M.J., Murtaza, G., Mehmood, A. and Bhatti, T.M. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using leaves extract of Skimmia laureola: characterization and antibacterial activity. Materials Letters, 2015, 153, 10–13.
30. Bagherzade, G., Tavakoli, M.M. and Namaei, M.H. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using aqueous extract of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) wastages and its antibacterial activity against six bacteria. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 2017, 7, 227–233.
31. Viswadevarayalu, A. Green Synthesis of Ag Nanoparticles by Helicteris Isora.L Fruit Extract as a Reducing Agent: Antimicrobial Activity. Inter. J. Adv. Res. Physic. Sci. 2015, 2, 34–42.
32. Saranyaadevi, K., Subha, V., Ravindran, R.E. and Renganathan, S.A.H.A.D.E.V.A.N. Green synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticle using leaf extract of Capparis zeylanica. Asian J. Pharm. Clin. Res, 2014, 7, 44–48.
33. Bose, D. and Chatterjee, S. Antibacterial activity of green synthesized silver nanoparticles using Vasaka (Justicia adhatoda L.) leaf extract. Indian journal of microbiology, 2015, 55, 163–167.
34. Venkatesham, M., Ayodhya, D., Madhusudhan, A., Kumari, A.S., Veerabhadram, G. and Mangatayaru, K.G. A novel green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using gum karaya: characterization, antimicrobial and catalytic activity studies. Journal of Cluster Science, 2014, 25, 409–422.
35. Ahmad, N. and Sharma, S. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using extracts of Ananas comosus. Green and Sustainable Chemistry, 2012, 2, 141.
36. Patra, J.K., Das, G. and Baek, K.H. Phyto-mediated biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using the rind extract of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) under photo-catalyzed condition and investigation of its antibacterial, anticandidal and antioxidant efficacy. J. Photochemistry and Photobiol. B: Biology, 2016, 161, 200–210.
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International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures

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Abstract

nIn the treatment of many diseases, getting medicinal compounds to the desired location is a serious issue. Poor biodistribution, limited effectiveness, unfavorable side effects, and a lack of selectivity define traditional medication use. Different types of nanostructures are produced using various size reduction processes and technologies, each with its own set of physicochemical and biological features. These technologies make nanostructures a good material for biomedical applications, and they’ve gained a lot of traction in pharmacological research. Furthermore, these strategies aid in the reduction of toxicity, the enhancement of release, the improvement of solubility and bioavailability, and the provision of superior drug formulation chances. Nano-suspension is a technique for preparing lowsoluble drugs for parenteral administration. The advantages of this technique are the small particle sizes (less than one micron) and the low solubility drug for parenteral administration.n

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References

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