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nAround the world, 250000–500000 people every year face a spinal cord injury. Cause of acute spinal cord injuries includes falls, motor vehicle accidents, sport injuries, trampoline accidents, gunshot, stab wound, abscess/infection on the spinal cord and birth injuries which affect the spinal cord. Most spinal cord injuries are due to preventable causes such as road traffic crashes, falls or violence. The term ‘spinal cord injury’ refers to damage to the spinal cord resulting from trauma or from disease or degeneration. Risk of mortality depends on level of injury and availability of medical aid. Symptoms of acute spinal cord injuries can vary. It depends on the location of the injury on spinal cord. It determines what part of body will affect and how severe the symptoms will appear. A case of acute spinal cord injuries needs emergency evaluation. An acute spinal cord injury can cause ongoing neurological problems that require further medical follow-up. The specific treatment is based on age, overall health, medical history, extent, and type of acute spinal cord injury, respond to initial treatment, expected course of the acute spinal cord injury. Currently, there is no way to repair a damaged or bruised cord. An interdisciplinary team of health care providers is required for the assessment, treatment, and rehabilitation of such cases. There are many potential complications which requires special attention. A patient with spinal cord injury, needs helpn

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1. WHO/Geneva/November 2013 Spinal cord injury https://www.who.int/news room/fact sheet/detail/spinal cord injury
2. John Hopkins Medicines/USA/2021 Acute spinal cord injury https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions and diseases/acute spinal cord injury
3. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke/Baghdadi July,2013 Spinal Cord Injury: Hope Through Research / https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient Caregiver
Education/Hope Through Research/Spinal Cord Injury Hope Through Research
4. Kennedy Kriger Institute/Baltimore, MD June,2012 Guide to Patient Care at Kennedy Krieger Institute: Programs, Clinics and Services /http://neurosurgery.med.sc.edu/patientcare/ spinal_cord_injury.asp
5. PubMed Health/Rockvile, MD January 2016 How is SCI diagnosed? https:// www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030151/
6. The. What Is ASIA Impairment Scale | Answers | Spinal Cord Injury Zone! [Internet]. Spinal Cord Injury Zone! 2009 [cited 2022 Feb 22]. Available from:
https://spinalcordinjuryzone.com/answers/9243/what-is-asia-impairment-scale
7. Center for Spinal Cord Injury | Kennedy Krieger Institute [Internet]. Kennedykrieger.org. Kennedy Krieger Institute; 2021 [cited 2022 Feb 22].
8. Radiopaedia. (n.d.)/ASIA impairment scale. http://radiopaedia.org/articles/asia-impairment-scale
9. National Institute on disability and Rehabilitation Research (NIDRR)/Washington, DC/ October, 2007 Spinal Cord Injury Treatment and Rehabilitation/ https:// www.medicinenet.com/ spinal_cord_injury_treatments_and_rehabilitation/article.htm
10. Brenda Rodríguez-Mendoza, Paola A. Santiago-Tovar, Marco A. Guerrero-Godinez, and Elisa García-Vences. Rehabilitation Therapies in Spinal Cord Injury Patients, Paraplegia. 1st ed. London, United Kingdom: Jose Juan Antonio Ibarra Arias and Carlos Alberto Cuellar Ramos, Intech Open, Limited; 2020.

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[if 344 not_equal=””]ISSN: 2456-5229[/if 344]

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nThe present study was conducted to assess the level of academic stress and its contributing factors among nursing students studying in Sri Sukhmani College of Nursing, Derabassi, Distt. Molhali, Punjab. The objectives of study were to assess the level of academic stress and contributing factors of academic stress among nursing students. The qualitative research approach and nonexperimental descriptive research design was used. 100 samples were selected by using systematic random sampling technique from Sri Sukhmani College of Nursing, Derabassi, Distt. Mohali, Punjab. Tool was developed to collect data which consisted of rating scale to assess the academic stress level and questionnaire to assess the contributing factors of academic stress among nursing students. The findings revealed that 94% of students had mild, 6% had moderate and none had severe academic stress. Majority of students (86%) were stressed due heavy examination syllabus, worry about examination and results (86%) and (80%) due to lack of vacations.n

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1. Reddy K J, Menon K R, Thattil A. Academic stress and its sources among University students. Biomedical & Pharmacology Journal. 2018;11(1) cited from https://dx.doi.org/10.13005/Bpj/ 1404.
2. 2018 Aug.Terada Youki.The science behind student stress. [internet] cited on july 9 2021. https://www.edutopia.org.
3. Virna C F R, Islene V B, Raquel S F, Vera Lucia M P, Theraza M M. Stress in nursing students: study on socio demographic and academic vulnerabilities. Acta Paul Enferm.2017; 30(3): 190-196.
4. Deka Meghali. Factors associated with stress among B.Sc. Nursing Students. IJHRMLP. 2016;2(2): 90-94
5. Shandhya S, Ranjana L. Stress/ stressors as perceived by Napalese nursing students. International Journal of Nursing Research and Practice. 2014;1(2): 5-9.
6. Parsad CV, Suresh A, Thomas DK, Pitty M K, Beebi S, Multazim V. The level of stress and coping mechanism adopted by 1st year B.Sc.(N) students. Arch Medical health Sciences. 2013; 1:19-23.
7. Sharma N, Kaur A. Factors associated with stress among nursing students. Nurse Midwifery Journal. 2011; 7(1): 12-21.
8. Haystad .S.W. Eid. J, Laberg J. C. Academic stress and health: exploring the moderating role of factors, Sandinavian Journal of Educational Research. 2009.53(5), 421-439.
9. Watson R, Deary I, Thompson D. A study of burnout in nursing students in Hong Kong, a questionnaire survey. International Journal of Nursing Studies. 2008. 5: 1534-1542.
10. Agolla J.E, Ongori H. Assessment of academic stress and its factors in students. Educational Research and Review.2009. 63-70.
11. Mustafa B. Assessment of academic stress and its impact on academic performance and adjustment of the nursing students. Unpublished Phd thesis,2003, Aligarh university, Aligarh.
12. Sinha K, Sharma U. Development of a scale of assessing academic stress. Journal of Mental health and Human Behavior. 2002; 7:47-48.

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nBackground of the study: Substance abuse is a social evil found worldwide. It is prevalent mostly in young children and especially males. Large proportion of world’s population is now under the threat of substance abuse. It is maladaptive pattern of drug use leading to impairment or distress in social and occupational functioning manifested by failure to fulfil major roles. Among the environment factors attributed to drug dependence are rapid technological development with associated need for extended period of education along with the inapplicability of old solution to novel problem, television, world travel, influence freedom to speculate and experiment have encouraged youngster to question and often reject the values and goals of their parents established social values are perceived as irrelevant , all to be stripped away partly through the use of drugs in order to reveal the real person, the real humanity and the real goal of mankind. The adolescents need to educate about substance abuse to prevent its prevalence. Aim of the study: The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness of structured teaching program on knowledge regarding substance abuse among adolescents of selected schools of Punjab. Materials and methods: The research design for the present study was quasi experimental pre-experimental one group pre- and post-test. The sampling technique used was non-probability convenience sampling technique. The sample size was 60 students both male and female from class 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th selected from Govt. Senior Secondary School, Verka, Amritsar. The data analysis was done with descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. For comparison paired “t” test and to find out association of knowledge regarding substance abuse among adolescents with demographic variables chi-square test is used in the study. Results: The findings reveal that in pre-interventional assessment most subjects had moderately adequate knowledge regarding substance abuse i.e., 44 (73.3%), adequate 14 (23.3%) and only 2 (3.34%) in inadequate category. In post-interventional assessment majority of the subjects fall in adequate category i.e., 44 (73.3%) and only 16 (26.67%) in moderately adequate category. In subjects pre- and post-interventional mean±S.D. was 18.96±3.35 and 23.79±2.75, t=10.041, df =29, p = <0.0001 showing significance at the level of p= 0.05. So, hypothesis “There was statistically significant difference in mean pre- and post-intervention of knowledge regarding substance abuse among adolescents at 0.05 level of significance” was accepted. Conclusion: It was concluded after administration of STP related to substance abuse had significant difference in pre- and postinterventional score in subjects. Recommendations: It has been recommended that same study can be done on different samples in different settings to enhance its generalization.n

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1. Anis Ahmed, Sen AK. “Prevalence of Drug Abuse among Students of Jamia Milia Islamia: A Survey Report. Disability and Impairments” 1998; 12 (1): 31-39.
2. World Health Organization. International Substance abuse Day. Nur Jr of Ind June 26th 1992; LXXXIII (5): 130.
3. Sabeena J. “A Study to Assess the Undergraduate Students’ Knowledge Of and attitude towards drug abuse in a selected college of Kerala” [unpublished Master of Science in Nursing]. New Delhi: Delhi University; 1993.
4. Ray R. The Extent, Pattern and Trends of Drug Abuse in India: National Survey. Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, Government of India and United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Regional Office for South Asia; 2004.
5. Sethi Abheet Singh. Why Punjab Is India’s Narcotic Haven. (2015). Available at. http://www.indiaspend.com/cover-story/why-punjab-is-indias-narcotic-haven-78558
6. Why has India’s Punjab fallen into the grip of drug abuse? – BBC News Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-38824478
7. Sussman, S.; Skara, S.; and Ames, S.L. Substance abuse among adolescents. Substance Use & Misuse 43(12–13):1802–1828, 2008.
8. Gupt Chandigarh Commission for Protection of Child Rights (CCPCR). 50 per cent students in Chandigarh govt schools addicted to drugs: Study. The tribune. Jan 05, 2020. https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/50-per-cent- students-in-govt-schools-addicted-to-drugs-study-21598
9. S, Singh SS, Kumar D, Kaur T, and Arora S. Prevalence, Pattern and Familial Effects of Substance Use Among the Male College Students –A North Indian Study. J Clin Diagn Res 2013 Aug; 7(8): 1632–1636.
10. Saluja BS, Grover S, Irpati AS, Mattoo SK, Basu D. Drug dependence in adolescents. 1978-2003: a clinical-based observation from North India. Indian J Pediatr. 2007 May;74(5):455-8.
11. Muzammil, Khursheed & Kishore, S & Semwal, Jayanti. (2009). Prevalence of psychosocial problems among adolescents in district Dehradun, Uttarakhand. Indian journal of public health. 53. 18-21.
12. Fletcher A, Bonell C, Hargreaves J. School effects on young people’s drug use: A systematic review of intervention and observational studies. J Adolesc Health. 2008 Mar; 42(3): 209-20. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.09.020. Epub 2007 Dec 26.

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nNon-compliance to medication regimen is a serious problem. It is estimated that non-compliance rates among mentally ill seems ranging from 20 to 80% with an average rate of 50%. There are numerous psychosocial factors which are affecting drug compliance. So, a descriptive study was conducted to assess drug compliance among patients attending psychiatric outpatient department of selected hospitals of district Faridkot, Punjab. The objectives of study were to assess the prevalence rate of drug compliance and to find out association between drug compliance and selected socio demographic variables among patients attending psychiatric outpatient department of selected hospital of district Faridkot, Punjab. A descriptive study was conducted on 100 subjects by convenient sampling attending psychiatric outpatient departments of selected hospitals of district Faridkot, Punjab Unstructured interview schedule was conducted and prepared to assess socio demographic profile and a standardized tool MARS (Medication Adherence Rating Scale) was used to assess drug compliance. The socio demographic profile of patients showed that majority of patient belong to age group 25–34 years, 63 were males, 26 were secondary educated, 61 were from rural area, 80 belongs to Sikh religion, 46 of subjects having annual income of 60,000 or less and 63 subjects were non addicted. Present study revealed that 10 subjects were having low adherence, 47 were having adherence and 37 were with high adherence in MARS (Medication Adherence Rating Scale). Hence, moderate level of adherence is more in patients taking psychotropic drugs.n

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1. S. Lama, KV Lakshmi, DM Shyanga, P Parajuli BP Koriala Institute of Health sciences, Dharan, Apollo CON, Chennai, India. Level of compliance and factors associated with non- compliance to treatment among mentally ill patients.
2. Lavakumar, Jacob jesurn RS, a study on level of drug compliance among the outpatients who are on long term drug therapy in a tertiary care in a tertiary care. Teaching hospital at kancherpuram, distt in Tamil Nadu. 23 Nov 2016.
3. Beena jimmy and jimmy Jose, patient medication adherence measure in daily practice department of pharmacy, practice school of pharmacy, college and nursing university of nizwa-616,2011,may26(3)155-159.
4. Diane M. Herbeck MA, Diana G. fitek, MA and joycee, treatment compliance in patients with co morbid psychiatric and substance used disorder. University of California, department of psychology, George mason, 2005, dec1014(3)195-207.
5. Marie t Brocon, MD, and Jennifer K, Busell MD, department of internal medicine, Rush university medical center Chicago. 2011, april.medication adherence:WHO cares?2011 april,86(4):304-314.
6. Patel MX, de Zoysa N, Bernadt M, David AS. A Cross-Sectional Study of Patients’ Perspectives on Adherence to Antipsychotic Medication. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry [Internet]. 2008 Oct 31 [cited 2022 Feb 21]; 69(10):1548–56. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19192437/
7. Banerjee Sohinin, a cross sectional study to find out the adherence among patients diagnosed with unipolar depression in a psychiatric outpatient department at tertiary hospital, Kolkata. (2017).
8. Lavakumar S, Jesurun RS Jacob, a descriptive study on the level of drug compliance among outpatients department who are on long term drug therapy in a tertiary care teaching hospital at Kancheepuram district in Tamil Nadu, Shri Sathya Sai Medical College and Hospital. (2016).
9. Newnai Agiwangliu Maj, Chacko Meena Col, a cross sectional descriptive study to assess the factors affecting medication compliance among patients with schizophrenia in tertiary health care centre.(2016).
10. Okpataku Cl, Kwanashie Ho, Ejsofor Ji, a study on medication compliance behaviour in psychiatric outpatients department with psychoactive substance used, co morbidity in Nigerian Tertiary hospital.(2015).

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