n

n

n

n

n

n

n

Abstract

nCeO2 –NiO composite solution was sprayed as thin films by using JET nebulizer technique at the substrate temperature of 250°C. The film was characterized by X-ray diffractometer and crystallite size, lattice constant, crystallinities, phase transformations were measured. The UV-Vis spectrometer analysis was used to calculate the band gap, absorbance and percentage of transmission of the thin films was reported. The emission and excitation spectra of the sample were reported. The morphological studies and elemental X-ray analysis were analyzed by using Scanning Electron microscopy and Transmission Electron Microscopy.n

n

n

n

Full Text

n

n

[foreach 379]n

n[/foreach]

u276e u276f

n

References

n[if 1104 equals=””]

1. Ozin, G.A.; Arsenault, A.; Cademartiri, L (2008). Nanochemistry: A Chemical Approach to Nanomaterials; 2nd ed.; Royal Society of Chemistry: London, UK,.
2. Patzke, G.R.; Zhou, Y.; Kontic, R.; Conrad, F (2011). Oxide nanomaterials: Synthetic developments, Mechanistic studies, and technological innovations. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 50, 826–859.
3. Bear, J.; Charron, G.; Fernández-Argüelles, M.T.; Massadeh, S.; McNaughter, P.; Nann, T (2015). In Vivo Applications of Inorganic Nanoparticles. In BetaSys: Systems Biology of Regulated Exocytosis in Pancreatic β-Cells; Systems Biology Series; Springer: New York, NY, USA, 2011; Volume 2, pp. 185–220, 5, 323.
4. Franke, M.E.; Koplin, T.J.; Simon, U (2006). Metal and metal oxide nanoparticles in chemiresistors:Does the nanoscale matter, Small, 2, 36–50.
5. Chen, X.; Mao, S.S, (2007). Titanium Dioxide Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Properties, Modifications, and Applications. Chem. Rev., 107, 2891–2959.
6. D. Chung (2003), Nanoparticles have health benefits too, New Scientist 179, 2410–2416.
7. MilicaPešić, et al., (2015), Anti-cancer effects of nanoceria and its intracellular redox activity, Chem. Biol. Interact. 232, 85–93.
8. Megan S. Lord, et al. (2012)., Cellular uptake and reactive oxygen species modulation of nanoceria in human monocyte cell line U937, Biomaterials 33 (31), 7915–7924.
9. P. Rosenkranz, et al., (2012), Effects of nanoceria to fish and mammalian cell lines: an assessment of cytotoxicity and methodology, Toxicol. In Vitro 26 (6), 888–896.
10. Rafti M, Brunsen A, Fuertes MC, Azzaroni O, Soler-Illia GJ, (2013). Heterogeneous catalytic activity of platinum nanoparticles hosted in mesoporous silica thin films modified with polyelectrolyte brushes. ACS applied materials & interfaces. Sep 12;5(18):8833-40.
11. Benhaliliba M, Benouis CE, Aida MS, Ayeshamariam A(2017). Fabrication of a novel MOS diode by indium incorporation control for microelectronic applications. Journal of Semiconductors., 38(6):064004.
12. Cao S, Ravikumar B, Hussain S, Ayeshamariam A, Aslam N, Naseer K (2016). Synthesis and characterization of CeO2 and ZnCeO2 nanomaterials and exposure to photocatalytic activity. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics. 1;27(2):1873-80.
13. Saravanakkumar D, Sivaranjani S, Kaviyarasu K, Ayeshamariam A, Ravikumar B, Pandiarajan S, Veeralakshmi C, Jayachandran M, Maaza M, (2018), Synthesis and characterization of ZnO–CuO nanocomposites powder by modified perfume spray pyrolysis method and its antimicrobial investigation. Journal of Semiconductors. 39(3):033001.
14. Arasu MV, Thirumamagal R, Srinivasan MP, Al-Dhabi NA, Ayeshamariam A, Kumar DS, Punithavelan N, Jayachandran M, (2017). Green chemical approach towards the synthesis of CeO2 doped with seashell and its bacterial applications intermediated with fruit extracts. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology. 1;173:50-60.
15. Geetha N, Sivaranjani S, Ayeshamariam A, Suthan Kissinger J, Valan Arasu M, (2016). ZnO doped Oxide Materials: Mini Review. Fluid Mech Open Acc. 3(141):2476-296.
16. Ayeshamariam, A., Karunanithy, M., Thirumamagal, R., Nivetha, S. and Kavin, M.M., (2017). A Review on Theoretical Studies of Optical and Electrical Parameters Values of Thin films. J Powder Metall Min 6: 177. doi: 10.4172/2168-9806.1000177, 2, 6, Issue 3.
17. Marikkannu, S., Kashif, M., Sethupathy, N., Vidhya, V.S., Piraman, S., Ayeshamariam, A., Bououdina, M., Ahmed, N.M. and Jayachandran, M.,( 2014). Effect of substrate temperature on indium tin oxide (ITO) thin films deposited by jet nebulizer spray pyrolysis and solar cell application. Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing, 27, pp.562-568.
18. Kaviyarasu, K., Mariappan, A., Neyvasagam, K., Ayeshamariam, A., Pandi, P., Palanichamy, R. R. & Maaza, M. (2017). Photocatalytic performance and antimicrobial activities of HAp-TiO2 nanocomposite thin films by sol-gel method. Surfaces and Interfaces, 6, 247-255.
19. Thirumamagal R, Irshad Ahamed S, Nivetha S, Saravanakkumar D, Ayeshamariam A, (2017). Comparative Morphological Studies on NiO, CoO and Fe2O3 Nanoparticles. J Powder Metall Min. 6(172):2.
20. Mariam AA, Kashif M, Arokiyaraj S, Bououdina M, Sankaracharyulu MG, Jayachandran M, Hashim U, (2014). Bio-synthesis of NiO and Ni nanoparticles and their characterization. Digest Journal of Nanomaterials and Biostructures. 1;9(3):1007-19.
21. Ezhilarasi, A. Angel, J. Judith Vijaya, K. Kaviyarasu, M. Maaza, A. Ayeshamariam, and L. John Kennedy (2016). “”Green synthesis of NiO nanoparticles using Moringa oleifera extract and their biomedical applications: Cytotoxicity effect of nanoparticles against HT-29 cancer cells.”” Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology 164, 352-360.
22. Duraipandiyan V, Sasi AH, Islam VI, Valanarasu M, Ignacimuthu S, (2010). Antimicrobial properties of actinomycetes from the soil of Himalaya. Journal de Mycologie Médicale/Journal of Medical Mycology. 1;20(1):15-20.
23. Kaviyarasu, K., N. Geetha, K. Kanimozhi, C. Maria Magdalane, S. Sivaranjani, A. Ayeshamariam, J. Kennedy, and M. Maaza, (2017). “”In vitro cytotoxicity effect and antibacterial performance of human lung epithelial cells A549 activity of zinc oxide doped TiO2 nanocrystals: investigation of bio-medical application by chemical method.”” Materials Science and Engineering: C 74, 325-333.
24. Anitha, A., Rani, V.D., Krishna, R., Sreeja, V., Selvamurugan, N., Nair, S.V., Tamura, H. and Jayakumar, R., (2009). Synthesis, characterization, cytotoxicity and antibacterial studies of chitosan, O-carboxymethyl and N, O-carboxymethyl chitosan nanoparticles. Carbohydrate Polymers, 78(4), pp.672-677.
25. Khokra SL, Prakash O, Jain S, Aneja KR, Dhingra Y, (2008). Essential oil composition and antibacterial studies of Vitex negundo Linn. extracts. Indian journal of pharmaceutical sciences. 70(4):522.
26. Raghupathi KR, Koodali RT, Manna AC, (2011), Size-dependent bacterial growth inhibition and mechanism of antibacterial activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles. Langmuir. 14;2, 7(7):4020-8.
27. Huang MH, Wu Y, Feick H, Tran N, Weber E, Yang P, (2001). Catalytic growth of zinc oxide nanowires by vapor transport. Advanced Materials. 13(2):113-6.
28. Wang ZL, (2004), Zinc oxide nanostructures: growth, properties and applications. Journal of physics: condensed matter. 11;16(25):R829.

n[/if 1104][if 1104 not_equal=””]n

[foreach 1102]n t
1. [if 1106 equals=””], [/if 1106][if 1106 not_equal=””],[/if 1106]

n[/foreach]

n[/if 1104]

n

n

n

International Journals of Nanobiotechnology

n

[if 344 not_equal=””]ISSN: 2456-0111[/if 344]

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

[if 1193 equals=””][else][/if] 

n [/foreach]n

[if 1181 equals=””][else][/if] 

n [/foreach]n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

Abstract

nThe fungal spore suspension of Trichoderma harzianum was used for the preparation of AgO nanoparticles. T. harzianum spore suspension acts as reducing and stabilizing agent for the fabrication of nanoparticles. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffractometry (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-analysis (EDAX) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The AgO nanoparticles were circular in shape with average diameter 10-20 nm. The AgO nanoparticles showed promising antifungal activities against all the tested fruit rot fungal pathogens like, Penicillium chrysogenum, Trichothecium roseum and Aspergillus niger. However, highest effective against A. niger and P. chrysogenum as maximum zone of inhibition and lowest minimum inhibitory concentration value (0.032) of AgO nanoparticles was found against these two fungal pathogens. Activity index of these synthesized AgO NPs were also found highest for A. niger followed by P. chrysogenum and least for T. roseum.n

n

n

n

Full Text

n

n

[foreach 379]n

n[/foreach]

u276e u276f

n

References

n[if 1104 equals=””]

1. Singh, M., Singh, S., Prasad, S. and Gambhir, I.S., 2008. Nanotechnology in medicine and antibacterial effect of silver nanoparticles. Digest Journal of Nanomaterials and Biostructures, 3(3), pp.115-122.
2. Sondi, I. and Salopek-Sondi, B., 2004. Silver nanoparticles as antimicrobial agent: a case study on E. coli as a model for Gram-negative bacteria. Journal of colloid and interface science, 275(1), pp.177-182.
3. McDonnell, G. and Russell, A.D., 1999. Antiseptics and disinfectants: activity, action, and resistance. Clinical microbiology reviews, 12(1), pp.147-179.
4. Bielmann, M., Schwaller, P., Ruffieux, P., Gröning, O., Schlapbach, L. and Gröning, P., 2002. AgO investigated by photoelectron spectroscopy: evidence for mixed valence. Physical Review B, 65(23), p.235431.
5. Garner, W.E. and Reeves, L.W., 1954. The thermal decomposition of silver oxide. Transactions of the Faraday Society, 50, pp.254-260.
6. Clement, J.L. and Jarrett, P.S., 1994. Antibacterial silver. Metal-based drugs, 1(5-6), pp.467-482.
7. Park, H.J., Kim, S.H., Kim, H.J. and Choi, S.H., 2006. A new composition of nanosized silica- silver for control of various plant diseases. The plant pathology journal, 22(3), pp.295-302.
8. Huang, W., Yan, M., Duan, H., Bi, Y., Cheng, X. and Yu, H., 2020. Synergistic antifungal activity of green synthesized silver nanoparticles and epoxiconazole against Setosphaeria turcica. Journal of Nanomaterials, 2020.
9. Singh, V. and Tiwari, A., 2015. Evaluating the antimicrobial efficacy of chemically synthesized silver nanoparticles. Int J Microbiol Appl Sci, 4(7), pp.5-10.
10. Dhillon, G.S., Brar, S.K., Kaur, S. and Verma, M., 2012. Green approach for nanoparticle biosynthesis by fungi: current trends and applications. Critical reviews in biotechnology, 32(1), pp.49-73.
11. Batta, Y.A., 2004. Effect of treatment with Trichoderma harzianum Rifai formulated in invert emulsion on postharvest decay of apple blue mold. International journal of food microbiology, 96(3), pp.281-288.
12. Parveen, S., Wani, A.H., Bhat, M.Y. and Koka, J.A., 2016. Biological control of postharvest fungal rots of rosaceous fruits using microbial antagonists and plant extracts – a review. Czech Mycology, 68(1), pp. 41-66.
13. Shah, M., Fawcett, D., Sharma, S., Tripathy, S.K. and Poinern, G.E.J., 2015. Green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles via biological entities. Materials, 8(11), pp.7278-7308.
14. Narayanan, K.B. and Sakthivel, N., 2010. Phytosynthesis of gold nanoparticles using leaf extract of Coleus amboinicus Lour. Materials characterization, 61(11), pp.1232-1238.
15. Perez, C., Pauli, M. and Bazerque, P., 1990. An antibiotic assay by the well agar method. Acta Biol Med Exp, 15, pp.113-115.
16. Singariya, P., Kumar, P. and Mourya, K.K., 2012. Antimicrobial activity of fruit coat (calyx) of Withania somnifera against some multi drug resistant microbes. IJ of Biol and Pharm Res, 3(2), pp.252-258.
17. Basri, D.F. and Fan, S.H., 2005. The potential of aqueous and acetone extracts of galls of Quercus infectoria as antibacterial agents. Indian journal of Pharmacology, 37(1), p.26.
18. Vahabi, K., Mansoori, G.A. and Karimi, S., 2011. Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles by fungus Trichoderma reesei (a route for large-scale production of AgNPs). Insciences J., 1(1), pp.65-79.
19. Guilger-Casagrande, M. and Lima, R.D., 2019. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles mediated by fungi: a review. Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology, 7, pp.287.
20. Mukherjee, P., Senapati, S., Mandal, D., Ahmad, A., Khan, M.I., Kumar, R. and Sastry, M., 2002. Extracellular synthesis of gold nanoparticles by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum. ChemBioChem, 3(5), pp.461-463.
21. Vigneshwaran, N., Ashtaputre, N.M., Varadarajan, P.V., Nachane, R.P., Paralikar, K.M. and Balasubramanya, R.H., 2007. Biological synthesis of silver nanoparticles using the fungus Aspergillus flavus. Materials letters, 61(6), pp.1413-1418.
22. Kathiresan, K., Manivannan, S., Nabeel, M.A. and Dhivya, B., 2009. Studies on silver nanoparticles synthesized by a marine fungus, Penicillium fellutanum isolated from coastal mangrove sediment. Colloids and surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 71(1), pp.133-137.
23. Pulit, J., Banach, M., Szczygłowska, R. and Bryk, M., 2013. Nanosilver against fungi. Silver nanoparticles as an effective biocidal factor. Acta Biochimica Polonica, 60(4).
24. Jo, Y.K., Kim, B.H. and Jung, G., 2009. Antifungal activity of silver ions and nanoparticles on phytopathogenic fungi. Plant disease, 93(10), pp.1037-1043.
25. Zakharova, O.V., Godymchuk, A.Y., Gusev, A.A., Gulchenko, S.I., Vasyukova, I.A. and Kuznetsov, D.V., 2015. Considerable variation of antibacterial activity of Cu nanoparticles suspensions depending on the storage time, dispersive medium, and particle sizes. BioMed research international, 2015.

n[/if 1104][if 1104 not_equal=””]n

[foreach 1102]n t
1. [if 1106 equals=””], [/if 1106][if 1106 not_equal=””],[/if 1106]

n[/foreach]

n[/if 1104]

n

n

n

International Journals of Nanobiotechnology

n

[if 344 not_equal=””]ISSN: 2456-0111[/if 344]

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

[if 1193 equals=””][else][/if] 

n [/foreach]n

[if 1181 equals=””][else][/if] 

n [/foreach]n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

Abstract

nWith the current rise in antimicrobial resistance and infections resulting in high mortality and morbidity. There is need for novel strategies to combat these challenges such as nanoparticle technology has offered excellent opportunities. The use of metal nanoparticles such as silver with well-established antimicrobial activity conjugated with other antimicrobials has the potential to overcome the challenge of drug resistance due to its multiple mechanisms of action against microbes. This reveal highlights the characteristics of silver, the antibacterial action of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), the role of nanotechnology in improving antimicrobial activity of silver and studies conducted in relation to the use of silver nanoparticles for purposes of improving antimicrobial therapy.n

n

n

n

Full Text

n

n

[foreach 379]n

n[/foreach]

u276e u276f

n

References

n[if 1104 equals=””]

1. Bruna, Tamara, et al. “”Silver nanoparticles and their antibacterial applications.”” International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22.13 (2021): 7202.
2. Tong, Jasper WK. “”Case reports on the use of antimicrobial (silver impregnated) soft silicone foam dressing on infected diabetic foot ulcers.”” International wound journal 6.4 (2009): 275-284.
3. Miller, Charne N., et al. “”A randomized-controlled trial comparing cadexomer iodine and nanocrystalline silver on the healing of leg ulcers.”” Wound repair and regeneration 18.4 (2010): 359-367.
4. Castellano, Joseph J., et al. “”Comparative evaluation of silver-containing antimicrobial dressings and drugs.”” International wound journal 4.2 (2007): 114-122.
5. Kim, Young-Teck, et al. “”Antimicrobial active packaging for food.”” Smart Packaging Technologies for Fast Moving Consumer Goods 76.1 (2008): 99-110.
6. Siddiqi, Khwaja Salahuddin, Azamal Husen, and Rifaqat AK Rao. “”A review on biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles and their biocidal properties.”” Journal of nanobiotechnology 16.1 (2018): 1- 28.
7. Marambio-Jones, Catalina, and Eric Hoek. “”A review of the antibacterial effects of silver nanomaterials and potential implications for human health and the environment.”” Journal of nanoparticle research 12.5 (2010): 1531-1551.
8. Kulkarni, Sulabha K., and Sulabha K. Kulkarni. Nanotechnology: principles and practices. Springer, 2015.
9. Tran, Quang Huy, and Anh-Tuan Le. “”Silver nanoparticles: synthesis, properties, toxicology, applications and perspectives.”” Advances in natural sciences: nanoscience and nanotechnology 4.3 (2013): 033001.
10. Argueta Figueroa, Liliana, et al. “”Propiedades antimicrobianas y citotóxicas de un adhesivo de uso ortodóncico adicionado con nanopartículas de plata.”” Mundo nano. Revista interdisciplinaria en nanociencias y nanotecnología 12.22 (2019): 0-0.
11. Ge, Liangpeng, et al. “”Nanosilver particles in medical applications: synthesis, performance, and toxicity.”” International journal of nanomedicine 9 (2014): 2399.
12. Cavassin, Emerson Danguy, et al. “”Comparison of methods to detect the in vitro activity of silver nanoparticles (AgNP) against multidrug resistant bacteria.”” Journal of nanobiotechnology 13.1 (2015): 1-16.
13. Rezazadeh, Niloufar Hajarian, Foad Buazar, and Soheila Matroodi. “”Synergistic effects of combinatorial chitosan and polyphenol biomolecules on enhanced antibacterial activity of biofunctionalized silver nanoparticles.”” Scientific reports 10.1 (2020): 1-13.
14. Murei, Arinao, et al. “”Functionalization and antimicrobial evaluation of ampicillin, penicillin and vancomycin with Pyrenacantha grandiflora Baill and silver nanoparticles.”” Scientific Reports 10.1 (2020): 1-14.
15. Gurunathan, Sangiliyandi, et al. “”Enhanced antibacterial and anti-biofilm activities of silver nanoparticles against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria.”” Nanoscale research letters 9.1 (2014): 1-17.
16. Cheng, Lin, et al. “”Potential antibacterial mechanism of silver nanoparticles and the optimization of orthopedic implants by advanced modification technologies.”” International journal of nanomedicine 13 (2018): 3311.
17. Dakal, Tikam Chand, et al. “”Mechanistic basis of antimicrobial actions of silver nanoparticles.”” Frontiers in microbiology 7 (2016): 1831.
18. Seong, Minju, and Dong Gun Lee. “”Silver nanoparticles against Salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium: role of inner membrane dysfunction.”” Current microbiology 74.6 (2017): 661-670.
19. Ivask, Angela, et al. “”Toxicity mechanisms in Escherichia coli vary for silver nanoparticles and differ from ionic silver.”” ACS nano 8.1 (2014): 374-386.
20. Li, Wen-Ru, et al. “”Antibacterial activity and mechanism of silver nanoparticles on Escherichia coli.”” Applied microbiology and biotechnology 85.4 (2010): 1115-1122.
21. Gomaa, Eman Zakaria. “”Silver nanoparticles as an antimicrobial agent: A case study on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli as models for Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.”” The Journal of general and applied microbiology 63.1 (2017): 36-43.’
22. Baptista, Pedro V., et al. “”Nano-strategies to fight multidrug resistant bacteria—“A Battle of the Titans”.”” Frontiers in microbiology 9 (2018): 1441.
23. Cheeseman, Samuel, et al. “”Antimicrobial metal nanomaterials: from passive to stimuli-activated applications.”” Advanced Science 7.10 (2020): 1902913.
24. Ashmore, D’Andrea, et al. “”Evaluation of E. coli inhibition by plain and polymer-coated silver nanoparticles.”” Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 60 (2018).
25. Rezazadeh, Niloufar Hajarian, Foad Buazar, and Soheila Matroodi. “”Synergistic effects of combinatorial chitosan and polyphenol biomolecules on enhanced antibacterial activity of biofunctionalized silver nanoparticles.”” Scientific reports 10.1 (2020): 1-13.
26. Murei, Arinao, et al. “”Functionalization and antimicrobial evaluation of ampicillin, penicillin and vancomycin with Pyrenacantha grandiflora Baill and silver nanoparticles.”” Scientific Reports 10.1 (2020): 1-14.
27. Vazquez-Muñoz, R., et al. “”Enhancement of antibiotics antimicrobial activity due to the silver nanoparticles impact on the cell membrane.”” PloS one 14.11 (2019): e0224904.
28. Ipe, Deepak S., et al. “”Silver nanoparticles at biocompatible dosage synergistically increases bacterial susceptibility to antibiotics.”” Frontiers in microbiology 11 (2020): 1074.
29. Khatoon, Nafeesa, et al. “”Ampicillin silver nanoformulations against multidrug resistant bacteria.”” Scientific Reports 9.1 (2019): 1-10.
30. Murei, Arinao, et al. “”Functionalization and antimicrobial evaluation of ampicillin, penicillin and vancomycin with Pyrenacantha grandiflora Baill and silver nanoparticles.”” Scientific Reports 10.1 (2020): 1-14.
31. Ahmad, Touqeer, et al. “”Synthesis of gemifloxacin conjugated silver nanoparticles, their amplified bacterial efficacy against human pathogen and their morphological study via TEM analysis.”” Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology 49.1 (2021): 661-671.
32. Nag, Sudip, et al. “”Protein-stabilized silver nanoparticles encapsulating gentamycin for the therapy of bacterial biofilm infections.”” Nanomedicine 16.10 (2021): 801-818.
33. Gandhi, Hinal, and Shabib Khan. “”Biological Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles and Its Antibacterial Activity.”” Journal of Nanomedicine and Nanotechnology 7.2 (2016): 1000366.
34. McShan, Danielle, et al. “”Synergistic antibacterial effect of silver nanoparticles combined with ineffective antibiotics on drug resistant Salmonella typhimurium DT104.”” Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part C 33.3 (2015): 369-384.
35. Kaur, Amritpal, and Rajesh Kumar. “”Enhanced bactericidal efficacy of polymer stabilized silver nanoparticles in conjugation with different classes of antibiotics.”” RSC advances 9.2 (2019): 1095-1105.
36. Ali, Ghadir, et al. “”Phytogenic-mediated Silver Nanoparticles using Persicaria hydropiper Extracts and its catalytic activity against Multidrug Resistant Bacteria.”” Arabian Journal of Chemistry (2022): 104053.
37. Li, Xizhe, et al. “”Development of pH-responsive nanocomposites with remarkably synergistic antibiofilm activities based on ultrasmall silver nanoparticles in combination with aminoglycoside antibiotics.”” Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces 208 (2021): 112112.
38. Vazquez-Muñoz, Roberto, Miguel Avalos-Borja, and Ernestina Castro-Longoria. “”Ultrastructural analysis of Candida albicans when exposed to silver nanoparticles.”” PloS one 9.10 (2014): e108876.
39. Ahmad, Aftab, et al. “”Amphotericin B-conjugated biogenic silver nanoparticles as an innovative strategy for fungal infections.”” Microbial pathogenesis 99 (2016): 271-281.

n[/if 1104][if 1104 not_equal=””]n

[foreach 1102]n t
1. [if 1106 equals=””], [/if 1106][if 1106 not_equal=””],[/if 1106]

n[/foreach]

n[/if 1104]

n

n

n

International Journals of Nanobiotechnology

n

[if 344 not_equal=””]ISSN: 2456-0111[/if 344]

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

[if 1193 equals=””][else][/if] 

n [/foreach]n

[if 1181 equals=””][else][/if] 

n [/foreach]n