Abstract

nBackground: The study aim to assess the mastery of breastfeeding among primi parous mothers who were admitted to a medical college hospital in Wayanad. Material and methods: This study employed a non-experimental quantitative research methodology, and it involved the selection of 120 primiparous women through purposive sampling. The setting of the study was at DM WIMS the research design was an experimental research design (post-test only control design). The target population of the study is the total number of mothers admitted to the antenatal ward and coming for consultation in the OPD. Results: Analyzing the knowledge scores of 120 samples, 2.5% of mothers have poor knowledge of breastfeeding, 80.83% of mothers have average knowledge of breastfeeding, and 16.6% of mothers have good knowledge.

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1. A Comprehensive Textbook of Midwifery and Gynecological Nursing. Annamma Jacob. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers; Fifth edition (1 October 2018); Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers, 76 A-1, Phase –IV, HSIIDC Industrial Estate Sector-57, Kundli-131028 Sonepat (Haryana).
2. Drug Handbook in Obstetrics & Gynaecology. AK Debdas. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers; Fourth edition (1 January 2022); JAYPEE BROTHERS MEDICAL PUBLISHERS PVT LTD – Delhi PLOT NO. 76A-1, PHASE – IV, HSIIDC INDUSTRIAL ESTATE, KUNDLI, HR, IN, 131028.
3. Myles Textbook for Midwives: With Modern Concepts of Obstetric and Neonatal Care. Churchill Livingstone; 12th edition (9 August 1993).
4. Dewhurst’s Textbook of Obstetrics & Gynaecology by Christoph Lees, et al. Wiley-Blackwell; 9th edition (2 November 2018).
5. DC Dutta’s Textbook of Obstetrics by Hiralal Konar. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd.; 9th edition (30 November 2016)
6. Batthina Amarendra1, Indira vemuri2, Joseph Mary Meena3. (2019). A Study to Assess the Knowledge of Primigravida Mothers Regarding Exclusive Breastfeeding in Selected Hospital at Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh. International Journal of Nursing Education, 11(4), 31–34.
7. Nazar A. Mahmud. Knowledge of Breastfeeding: A descriptive study among mothers in Kirkuk Iraqi National Journal of Nursing Specialties, Vol. 24, Issue (2): 2011.
8. Sandhya Jagadale,  Jyoti    Salunkhe,  Kavita  S.  Kapurkar,  Sangeeta  Patil,  Naseema  V.  Kanase.  “To  Assess Knowledge, Attitude and Knowledge of  Practice Regarding Breast Feeding among Primi Para Mothers”. Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences 2015; Vol. 4, Issue 30, April 13; Page: 5121-5127,  DOI: 10.14260/jemds/2015/748
9. A Study to Assess the Knowledge of Primi Gravida Mother Regarding Importance Colostrum at Selected Hospital Bagalkot Karnataka, India. International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology. 2018:3(11)405-414.
10. Esha Sharma and Shantha Seelan G.2017, Knowledge Regarding Breastfeeding among Primigravida Mothers. Int J Recent Sci Res. 8(11), pp. 21517-21521.
11. Al Ketbi, M.I., Al Noman, S., Al Ali, A. et al. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices of breastfeeding among women visiting primary healthcare clinics on the island of Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. Int Breastfeed J 13, 26 (2018).
12. Mog C. Knowledge, Attitude and Practices Regarding Breast Feeding Among Primiparous and Multiparous Mothers in an Urban Slum, West Tripura: A Comparative Cross Sectional Study. Biomed Pharmacol J 2021;14(1).
13. World Health Organization WHO. (2013). Breastfeeding. Retrieved from World Health Organization WHO: Available online at: https://www.who.int/news-room/facts-in-pictures/detail/
    breastfeeding#:~:text=infants%20should%20be%20exclusively%20breastfed,continuing%20to%20be%20breastfed%3B%20and
14. Mohapatra I, Roy A. Breastfeeding awareness and perception among antenatal mothers: A cross-sectional study in urban slum population of Bhubaneswar, Odisha. J Educ Health Promot. 2018 May 3;7:60. doi: 10.4103/jehp.jehp_98_17. PMID: 29922689; PMCID: PMC5963211.
15. Kemberling SR. Supporting breastfeeding. Paediatrics. 1979;63:60–63.
16. Breastfeeding [Internet]. Newborn Nursery. 2019. Available from: https://med.stanford.edu/newborns/professional-education/breastfeeding.html
17. Breastfeeding [Internet]. World health organization. 2019 [cited 29 April 2019]. Available from: https:// who.int/topics/breastfeeding/en/.
18. World Health Organization 2002. Essential Newborn Care and Breastfeeding. https://www. sbp.com.br/pdfs/who_essential_newborn_care_ and_bf.pdf.
19. American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Nutrition. Pediatric Nutrition Handbook. Kleinman RE, ed. 6th ed. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2009.
20. Alade O,Titiloye MA,Oshiname FO,Arulogun S (2013) Exclusive breastfeeding and related antecedent factors among lactating mothers in a rural community in Southwest Nigeria.International Journal of Nursing and Midwifery 5(7):132-138.
21. Aryeetey RNO and Goh YE (2013) Duration of exclusive breastfeeding and subsequent child feeding adequacy. Ghana Medical Journal 47(1): 24–29.
22. Banapurmath CR, Nagaraj MC, Banapurmath S and Kesari N (1996) Breastfeeding practices in villages of central Karnataka. Indian Pediatrics 33(6): 477–479.
23. Blaymore Bier J-A, Oliver T, Ferguson A and BR Vohor (2002) Human milk reduces outpatient upper respiratory symptoms in premature infants during their first year of life. Journal of Perinatology: Official Journal of the California Perinatal Association 22(5): 354–359.
24. Cai X, Wardlaw T and Brown DW (2012) Global trends in exclusive breastfeeding. International Breastfeeding Journal 7(1): 12.
25. Cartagena D, Ameringer SW, McGrath JM,Mashow SW,Jallo N and Myers BJ (2015) Factors contributing to infant overfeeding in low-income immigrant Latina mothers. Applied nursing research: ANR 28(4): 316–321.
26. Chandhiok N, Singh KJ, Sahu D,Sing L and Pandey A (2015) Changes in exclusive breastfeeding practices and its determinants in India, 1992-2006: analysis of national survey data. International Brea stfeeding Journal 10: 34.
27. Dawal S,I.F Inamdar,Saleem T,Priyanka S and MK Doibale (2014) Study of pre lacteal feeding practices and its determinants in rural area of Maharashtra. Scholar Journal of Applied Medical Sciences 2 (4D):1422-1427.
28. Desai A, Mbuya MNN, Chigumira A,Chasekwa B,Humphrey J H,Moulton LH,Pelto G,Gereema G,Stoltzfus R J and SHINE study team (2014) Traditional oral remedies and perceived breast milk insufficiency are major barriers to exclusive breastfeeding in rural Zimbabwe. The Journal of Nutrition 144(7): 1113–1119.
29. Edmond KM, Zandoh C, Quigley MA,Eteyo A,Agyerio and Kirikwood (2006) Delayed Breastfeeding Initiation Increases Risk of Neonatal Mortality. Pediatrics 117(3): e380–e386.

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nThe health of newborns is significantly impacted by the extent of knowledge and behaviors exhibited by mothers in the postnatal period. By assessing the level of knowledge and practices it is possible to predict the cause and reduce the rate of neonatal mortality and morbidity. A research investigation aimed at evaluating the understanding and routines of postnatal mothers regarding the care of newborns in a chosen hospital located in West Bengal. Quantitative research approach was undertaken. Institutional permission was taken. The sample was collected according to purposive non probability sampling technique from 50 hospitalized postnatal mothers, who were admitted in Postnatal Ward of Ghatal S.D. & S.S. Hospital, Ghatal, Paschim Medinipur, West Bengal. Data were collected as per designated inclusion and exclusion criteria within a week through structured interview schedule and observation. Tool- I was for demographic variables. Tool- II has two parts, Part-A to assess the knowledge level and Part-B to assess the practice level of postnatal mother regarding newborn care. The findings of this study revealed that there were gaps in knowledge and practices of newborn care because of majority of mothers were primi gravida (60%) and type of delivery was LUCS(58%). The present study result revealed that postnatal mothers had adequate knowledge (78%) regarding newborn care but the practices level were moderate (82%). This study concluded that newborn care is important which help to reduce newborn complications and we should aware the mothers about it. So, health education on essential newborn care should be integrated into routine antenatal services which help to improve newborn care practices. The other most important cause of this gapping in now-a-days is the prevalence of corona virus pandemic situation. A comparative study can be done to assess the knowledge and practices level regarding newborn care among rural and urban mothers.

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References

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1. Datta P. Pediatric nursing (as per INC syllabus). Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers; 2017 Aug 20.
2. ClaesonM,BosER,MawjiT,PathmanathanI.ReducingchildmortalityinIndiainthenewmillennium. Bulletin ofthe World HealthOrganization.2000;78:1192-9.
3. New born care (December 2022).Available online at: https://data.unicef.org/topic/maternal-health/newborn-care/
4. India: Infant mortality rate from 2011 to 2021. Available online at: https://www.statista.com/statistics/806931/infant-mortality-in-india/
5. Alemu A, Eshete A. Newborn Care Practices and Associated Factors Among Lactating Mothers at Home in the Rural Districts of Gedeo Zone, Southern Ethiopia. Pediatric Health Med Ther. 2020 Feb 11;11:47-54. doi: 10.2147/PHMT.S232860. PMID: 32104135; PMCID: PMC7023898.
6. Fikree FF, Ali TS, Durocher JM, Rahbar MH. Newborn care practices in low socioeconomic settlements of Karachi, Pakistan. Soc Sci Med. 2005 Mar;60(5):911-21. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.06.034. PMID: 15589663.
7. Memon J, Holakouie-Naieni K, Majdzadeh R, Yekaninejad MS, Garmaroudi G, Raza O, Nematollahi S. Knowledge, attitude, and practice among mothers about newborn care in Sindh, Pakistan. BMC pregnancy and childbirth. 2019 Dec;19:1-9.
8. Tesfau YB, Kahsay AB, Gebrehiwot TG, Medhanyie AA, Godefay H. Postnatal home visits by health extension workers in rural areas of Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study design. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2020 May 19;20(1):305. doi: 10.1186/s12884-020-03003-w. PMID: 32430032; PMCID: PMC7236285.
9. Tesfau YB, Gebrehiwot TG, Godefay H, Kahsay AB. Effect of health facility linkage with community using postnatal card on postnatal home visit coverage and newborn care practices in rural Ethiopia: A controlled quasi-experimental study design. PLoS One. 2022 May 12;17(5):e0267686. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267686. PMID: 35552558; PMCID: PMC9098030.
10. Higi AH, Debelew GT, Dadi LS. Perception and Experience of Health Extension Workers on Facilitators and Barriers to Maternal and Newborn Health Service Utilization in Ethiopia: A Qualitative Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Oct 5;18(19):10467. doi: 10.3390/ijerph181910467. PMID: 34639767; PMCID: PMC8508329.

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Abstract

nBackground: Breast milk is universally endorsed as unique, innate and vital feed, gifted by nature for neonates. Human Breast milk banks function as stockpile for women who are incapable to provide their own breast milk to their unwell or confined infants. In Indian scenario, donation of breast milk is an emerging notion and has been introduced among few metropolises across the nation. Unavailability to breastmilk foster infants more susceptible to morbidity and mortality. Hence, postnatal women must aim to contribute their breast milk in this endure to save lives worldwide. Aim: The objective is to evaluate postnatal mothers’ understanding and disposition regarding the concept of Human Breast Milk Banking.Materials & Methods: A cross sectional correlational research design with purposive sampling technique was adopted to select 50 postnatal mothers for the study. Demographic proforma, structured knowledge questionnaire and attitude scale on Human Breast Milk Banking were the tools used to collect the data. Results: The findings showed that, 70% of the postnatal mothers had good knowledge and 8% had average knowledge as well as 78% had favourable attitude and 22% had neutral attitude towards human breast milk banking. The ‘r’ value was computed and found a significant positive correlation of postnatal mothers towards human breast milk banking (r=0.217, p>0.05). Conclusion: The findings suggested that parents need to be educated about the benefits of human breast milk banks is very much indispensable to provide nourishment to the infants also the choice and decision making among the parents in selecting an excellent feeding plan for their sick neonates.

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1. org. [cited 2022 Nov 26]. Available from: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/
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2. Manifesto LF. The Lancet: Increasing breastfeeding worldwide could prevent over 800,000 child deaths every year [Internet]. Baby Friendly Initiative. UNICEF UK; 2016 [cited 2022 Nov 26]. Available from: https://www.unicef.org.uk/babyfriendly/lancet-increasing-breastfeeding-worldwide-prevent-800000-child-deaths-every-year/
3. Newborn health [Internet]. Who.int. [cited 2022 Nov 26]. Available from: http://www.who.int/topics/infant_newborn/en/
4. Martin CR, Ling P-R, Blackburn GL. Review of Infant Feeding: Key Features of Breast Milk and Infant Formula. Nutrients. 2016; 8(5):279
5. Wikipedia contributors. List of countries by infant and under-five mortality rates [Internet]. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 2022. Available from: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
   title=List_of_countries_by_infant_and_under-five_mortality_rates&oldid=1122430414
6. Johnston I. 800,000 children die every year due to lack of breast milk, experts say. Independent [Internet]. 2016 Jan 29 [cited 2022 Nov 26]; Available from: https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/health-news/800-000-children-die-every-year-because-of-lack-of-breast-milk-experts-say-a6840826.html
7. India’s infant mortality rate declines. [Internet]. The Times of India. [cited 2022 Nov 26]. Available from: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indias-infant-mortality-rate-declines/articleshow/
   cms?frmapp=yes&from=mdr
8. Feeding and Nutrition of New born Babies. Who.int. [cited 2022 Nov 26]. Available from: https://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/98302/WS_115_2000FE.pdf
9. Wikipedia contributors. Human milk bank [Internet]. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 2022. Available from: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human_milk_bank&oldid=
   1119650092
10. History of donating milk [Internet]. NeoLacta Lifesciences. NeoLacta Lifesciences Pvt. Ltd.; 2020 [cited 2022 Nov 26]. Available from: https://neolacta.com/donate-history-of-donating-milk/
11. Haiden N, Ziegler E, E: Human Milk Banking. Ann Nutr Metab 2016;69(suppl 2):7– doi: 10.1159/000452821
12. Stellwagen, Lisa M., et al. “Pooling expressed breastmilk to provide a consistent feeding composition for premature infants.” Breastfeeding Medicine 8.2 (2013): 205–209
13. Haiden N, Ziegler EE. Human Milk Banking. Ann Nutr Metab. 2016;69 Suppl 2:8–15.
14. Kim JH, Unger Human milk banking. Paediatr Child Health. 2010 Nov; 15(9): 595–598.
15. com. [cited 2022 Nov 26]. Available from: https://www.mapsofindia.com/my-india/india/mothers-milk-banks-in-india
16. Express News Service. Human milk banks set up in four Karnataka cities, a boon to infants. The New Indian Express [Internet]. 2022 Mar 9 [cited 2022 Nov 26]; Available from: https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2022/mar/09/human-milk-banks-set-up-in-four-karnataka-cities-a-boon-to-infants-2427930.html
17. Jahan Y, Atiqur Rahman SM, Chowdhury AS, Chowdhury S, Md Moshiur R (2017) Mothers’ Knowledge and Attitudes toward Breast Milk Banking in Developing Countries. Ann Pregnancy Care 1(1): 1002.
18. Lauer EA, Armenti K, Henning M, Sirois L. Identifying Barriers and Supports to Breastfeeding in the Workplace Experienced by Mothers in the New Hampshire Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children Utilizing the Total Worker Health Framework. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019 Feb 13;16(4):529.
19. Mizuno K, Sakurai M, Itabashi K. Necessity of human milk banking in Japan: Questionnaire survey of neonatologists. Pediatr Int. 2015 Aug;57(4):639–
20. Jahan Y, Rahman ASM, Chowdhury AS, Chowdhury S, and Rahman MM. Mothers’ Knowledge and Attitudes toward Breast Milk Banking in Developing Countries. Ann Pregnancy Care. May 2017;1(1): 1002.
21. Mackenzie C, Javanparast S, Newman L. Mothers’ knowledge of and attitudes toward human milk banking in South Australia: a qualitative study. J Hum Lact. 2013 May;29(2):222–9
22. Sheela J, Shasikala V. Knowledge and attitude of postnatal mothers on human milk banking. International Journal of Science & Healthcare Research. 2020; 5(4):135–
23. Fernandes P, Nayak S. Knowledge of Antenatal Mothers Regarding Human Milk Banking. MLU [Internet]. 2020 Jul. 24 [cited 2022 Nov. 26];20(3):305–12.
24. Senol DK, Aslan E. Women’s opinions about human milk donation and human milk banking. Biomedical Research 2017; 28 (15): 6866–6871
25. Karadag A, Ozdemir R, Ak M, Ozer A, Dogan DG, Elkiran O. Human milk banking and milk kinship: Perspectives of mothers in a Muslim country. J Trop Pediatr 2015; 61: 188–
26. Huang C, Han W, Fan Y. Knowledge and attitude on donation of breast milk in hospitalized mothers. Gaceta Sanitaria 2021;35(3): 213–215
27. Kaur M, Raghuvanshi S, Kang HK. Knowledge and Attitude of Indian Parous Women toward Human Milk Banking. Indian J Community Med. 2019 Apr-Jun;44(2):175–176

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Abstract

nIntroduction: Breastfeeding is the best approach for meeting an infant’s psychological and physiological needs. The importance of breastfeeding is best understood in light of the fact that early breastfeeding initiation and skin-to-skin contact soon after birth are essential for a newborn’s survival. The connection between a mother and her infant plays a vital role in a child’s growth and maturation. Hence, a research investigation was carried out to analyze how the act of beginning breastfeeding impacts the attachment between mothers and their newborns. Methods: The study employed a cross-sectional format to evaluate the correlation between the commencement of breastfeeding and the attachment between mothers and their newborns after childbirth. Total of 90 postnatal mothers were selected by convenience sampling technique. Postnatal mothers were contacted on 3rd day of delivery to ask about socio-demographic information and the time for initiation of breast feeding. After 6 weeks of delivery telephonic information was collected regarding maternal new-born attachment by standardized maternal postnatal attachment scale. Results: Maximum (62.2%) postnatal mothers initiated breastfeeding within 1-4 hours followed by >8 hours (14.4%), 5-8 hours (13.3%) and within 1hour (10%) respectively. Majority (96.7%) of postnatal mothers had very good level of maternal postnatal attachment with newborn. There was no significant effect of breastfeeding initiation time on maternal newborn attachment among postnatal mothers. Conclusion: There was no significant association found between initiation time of breastfeeding and maternal newborn attachment though the mean difference suggest the effect of initiation of breastfeeding on maternal newborn attachment postnatal mothers.

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1. Somane S, Magdum, JJ. Descriptive study to assess the Knowledge and Attitude of Third Trimester Antenatal Mothers regarding Colostrum Feeding. Asian J. Nur. Edu. and Research. 2016: 6(3): 292–300p.
2. World Health Organization. Counselling for maternal and newborn health care: a handbook for building skills. Geneva; World Health Organization: 2013.
3. Kim, SH. Factors associated with Maternal Attachment of Breastfeeding Mothers. Child Health Nurs Res. 2019: 25(1); 65–73.
4. Raju, TNK. Breastfeeding is a dynamic biological process–not simply a meal at the breast. Breastfeed Med. 2011; 6(5) 257–59p.
5. Mitra K. Breastfeeding: The Best Possible Start in Life: Breast milk is rich in vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients that help in the healthy growth of a child. unicef (India). 2022 Aug 2 [cited 2023 Mar 13]; Available from: https://www.unicef.org/india/stories/breastfeeding-best-possible-start-life
6. World Health Organization. Breastfeeding. Newsroom (Geneva).20 Feb 2018 [cited 2019 Feb 26]; Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/facts-in-pictures/detail/breastfeeding
7. World health organization. Infant and young child feeding. Newsroom (Geneva). 9 June 2021 [cited 2022 Aug 4]; Available from; https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/infant-and-young-child-feeding
8. Cetisli1 NE, Arkan G,  Top ED. Maternal attachment and breastfeeding behaviors according to type of delivery in the immediate postpartum period. Rev. Assoc. Med. Bras. 2018; 64(2):164–9p.
9. Himani, Kaur B, Kumar P. Effect of initiation of breast-feeding within one hour of the delivery on maternal- infant bonding. Nurs midwifery res. j. 2011; 7(3):99–109p.
10. Linde K, Lehnig F, Nagl M, Kersting A. The association between breastfeeding and attachment: A systematic review. Midwifery. 2020; 81 (6): 11–30p.
11. Kutty RB, Benjamin EE, Thomas E, Sebastian T. Effectiveness of early initiation of breastfeeding on maternal satisfaction with breast feeding among women who have undergone caesarean section and the breastfeeding behaviour of their newborns. Indian J Cont Nsg Edn. 2020; 21 (1):38–43p.
12. Abuhammad S, Johnson T. Breastfeeding and maternal attachment during infancy period among Jordanian mothers: A cross-sectional study. Ann Med Surg (Lond).2021; 66 (10):1–5p.
13. Badaya N, Jain S, Kumar N. Time of initiation of breastfeeding in various modes of delivery and to observe the effect of low birth weight and period of gestation on initiation of breastfeeding. Int J Contemp Pediatr. 2018; 5(4):1509–17p.
14. Topan A, Demirel S, Alkan I, Ayyıldız Kuzlu T, Doğru S. Evaluatıon of Newborn Mothers’ Status of Bondıng to the Baby, Experıencıng Depressıon, and Assocıated Factors. BTDMJB. 2019; 15(2): 160–9p.
15. Britton JR, Britton HL, Gronwaldt V (2006) Breastfeeding, sensitivity, and attachment. Pediatr. 2006; 118 (5):1436–43p.
16. Alan H. Social security in postpartum life influence of mother on baby Selçuk University Institute of Health Sciences. The PhD Thesis.2011.
17. Lai YL, Hung CH, Stocker J, Chan TF, Liu Y. Postpartum fatigue, baby-care activities, and maternal-infant attachment of vaginal and cesarean births following rooming-in. Appl Nurs Res. 2015; 28(2):116–20p.
18. Carlander AK, Edman G, Christensson K, Andolf E, Wiklund I. Contact between mother, child and partner and attitudes towards breastfeeding in relation to mode of delivery. Sex Reprod Healthc. 2010; 1(1):27–34p.
19. Bieleninik L, Lutkiewicz K, Cieślak M, Preis-Orlikowska J, Bidzan M. Associations of Maternal-Infant Bonding with Maternal Mental Health, Infant’s Characteristics and Socio-Demographical Variables in the Early Postpartum Period: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2021; 18(16): 1–20p.

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nIntroduction: The process through which a kid is fed human breast milk is known as breastfeeding. Breastfeeding has a significant impact on disease prevention and health promotion. It helps to increase bonding with baby and mother. Oestrogen, progesterone, prolactin, and oxytocin are the four primary hormones that contribute to the production of breastmilk. A modifiable element that can improve breastfeeding success and duration is breastfeeding self-efficacy. Aim: To evaluate mothers’ self-efficacy for breastfeeding and the aspects that are related to it in order to advance both the mother’s and the child’s health. Methodology: A non-experimental exploratory research design and a quantitative research approach were employed with 250 mothers who had babies between the ages of 0 and 6 months and who visited the paediatric OPD of the DMCH in Ludhiana, Punjab, as the sample. Non-probability purposive sampling was used to gather the data. The breast-feeding self-efficacy of mothers was evaluated using a structured checklist of 27 items and the 14-item breast-feeding self-efficacy scale created by Dennis (1999). The interview technique was used to acquire quantitative data. Data were tabulated, and descriptive and inferential statistics were used for the analysis. (Using SPSS,20). Result: According to the survey, more than half of the moms (71%) were between the ages of 25 and 35, and 81.2% had graduated from college. 21.2% were working, 93.6% were living in joint family, 95.6% live with in-laws, 57.6% were vegetarian. Overall, 90.4% mothers had above average level of breast-feeding self-efficacy followed by 9.2% with average breast-feeding self-efficacy while (0.4%) mothers had below breast-feeding self-efficacy. The factors associated with breast-feeding self-efficacy were emotional changes during feed, feeling relief from engorgement, inadequate sleep, back and neck pain, fatigue and stress related to work load. Conclusion: The current study found that the majority of moms were confident in their ability to breastfeed. Breast-feeding self-efficacy was good among those who already had experience. Parity, number of live birth, type of delivery were found to be significantly associated with breast-feeding self-efficacy.

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1.     National Institute of Health breastfeeding and breast milk: condition information. [(accessed on 8 April 2021)]. Available from: https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/breastfeeding/conditioninfo.

2.     Cinar N, Dede C. Why breast feeding is the best feeding? Health Scope. 2013;2(1):63–4. doi: 10.17795/jhealthscope-10039.

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