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nThe features of the oxide layer scale that forms on the metal’s surface and limits gas penetration into the metal, limiting the growth of gaseous corrosion, influence a metal’s or alloy’s oxidation resistance in an oxidizing atmosphere. The rise in weight of sample being tested (due to oxygen uptake by the metal) or even the weight loss after removing the scale from the sample’s surface, related to a unit surface and the time of the experiment are the quantitative aspects of oxidation resistance. The surface state of the sample or component is taken into account at the same time; this may vary subjectively even though its quantitative qualities are the same. Oxidation resistance, like heat resistance, is a basic requirement for a material’s fitness for high-temperature use. For many applications, strong oxidizing resistance of hard composite coatings is just as crucial as thermal stability. The chemical nature of the film has a significant impact on its high-T oxidation resistance. The creation of a persistent, passive, void-free oxide layer on the film’s surface is a very effective method for improving high-T oxidation resistance. As a result, films with components that quickly produce oxides and stabilize amorphous phases have greater oxidation resistance. Recent experiments indicate that the value of Si in a film has a significant impact on its high-temperature oxidation durability. The structure of films has a significant impact on oxidation resistance. It is generally known that films with a little amount of additional components (less than 5%) have a well- developed columnar microstructure. These films have holes between columns that connect the film’s surface to the substrate directly. As a result, these films have a poorer oxidation resistance and significantly thicker oxide layers than films with a higher added element content.n

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nThe extraction procedures are known as heap and situ leaching; throughout these procedures, particles react with one another to produce acidic mists that not only hurt people’s skin, eyes, and lungs but also ruin crops, degrade the quality of the land, and injure surrounding structures. It tastes awful and stinks like acid dust. The ore typically needs to be beneficiated as with all mining processes. The methods of processing are determined by the type of ore. The ore is crushed and milled to separate the valuable minerals from the unwanted minerals if the ore is predominantly composed of sulphide copper minerals. Mineral flotation is then used to concentrate it. Even while some sizable mines have smelters close by, the concentrate is normally sold to far-off smelters next. When smaller smelters could be profitable, this collocation of mine and smelters was more common in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Only a minor portion of copper is present in the majority of copper ores. Gangue, which has no commercial value, makes up the remaining ore typically; exploration and extraction gangue contains oxides and silicate minerals. The technology for retrieving copper has advanced, and in certain cases, these tailings have been retracted. The typical copper content in copper ores nowadays is less than 0.6 percent copper, and minimum of 2% of the entire volume of the ore rock is made up of economically valuable ore minerals including copper. The separation of ore minerals from rock gangue minerals is a crucial goal in the metallurgical processing of any ore.n

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1. Sardar K, Ali S, Hameed S, Afzal S, Fatima S, Shakoor MB, Bharwana SA, Tauqeer HM. Heavy metals contamination and what are the impacts on living organisms. Greener Journal of Environmental Management and Public Safety. Aug 2013; 2(4): 172–179.
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8. Ahmari S, Zhang L. Production of eco-friendly bricks from copper mine tailings through geopolymerization. Construction and Building Materials. Apr 2012; 29: 323–331.
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nThe research on the effect of indigenous micros on metal corrosion in different water environment in life sciences and other fields as well as their significance was investigated. Mild Steel is one of the construction materials used in the industries. It has a young modulus of 200GNm-2. This paper focuses on the experimental study for the effect of indigenous micros on metals in different water environment and also of the corrosion behavior and mechanism for mild steel in three different media namely:, rain water, Salt water, Fresh water. Indeed, this research illustrates the effect of micros in metal corrosion as media characterization contributes to the rapid increase in population. The research revealed that the rain water is more acidic followed by salt water and lastly the fresh water medium. Based on this observation the micros activities were high in the rain water medium revealing high degradation in the metal specimen sampled, followed by metal specimen in salt water medium and metal specimen in fresh water. This investigation was able to demonstrate the required measures needed in mild steel installation in these water environment. The rate effect by corrosion on metal is identified as a major component that influence degradation of systems service lifetime. The microorganisms were isolated, identified and characterized.n

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2. Machuca L.L, Wen H & Lee J.S (2014). Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion: “A Review Focused on Hydro test Fluids in Sub-Sea Pipelines” (Corrosion & Prevention), I (12), 384–393.
3. Tuck, C.D, S & ‘Nutall J. (2016). Corrosion of Copper and its Alloys. https: // doi.org I I 0. I 0 I 6/8 9 7 8 -0 – I 2 -80 3 5 I 1 -8. 0 I 6 3 4 -9, 28 (2), 23 | -233.
4. I-opes F.A, Freeman, R.A & Ibert, M.L (2017). Influence of Substratum Surface on Bacteria Adhesion. Corrosion and its Controls. 46,127–133.
5. Von, W.K & Vander Klught (2013). Roles of Micro Organisms in Corrosion Induction & Prevention.: British Biotechnologtiournal, l4 (3), 1–11.
6. Ivan Kushkeych (20 1 9). Isolation and Purification of Sulfate Reducing Bacteria. 3, (25–26).
7. Fink, F.W (2010). Corrosion of Metals in Sea Water U.S Department of the Interior Office of Saline Water Progress Report, 46 (2), 14–20.
8. Al-Mhyawi, S. R. (2014). “Inhibition of Mild Steel Corrosion using Juniperus plants as green Inhibitior”. 23 (3), 30–56.
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10. Fresezu, M (2011). Effect of Ph and Hardness on the Scale Formation of Mild Steel in Bicarbonate ion Containing Water. Coruosion and its Controls, l(2), 9–7
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27. Emerson, D, Fleming E.J, & McBeth J.M (2010). Iron Oxidizing Bacteria: an Environmental and Gemomic Perspective. Annu Rev. Microbiolo 64, 561–583.

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