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nAmong humans the most common disorder is partial hearing loss. Hearing health is more critical than ever in the perspective of an ageing population and increased environmental noise exposure. People want hearing aids that are smaller, highly power-efficient, and have better audio quality. MEMS microphones are really well to meet those needs. The commercially available hearing aids uses an expensive battery as well as the maintenance is high as a result of constant usage. The survey on Energy efficient and affordable hearing aids is the intention of this study. These works are categorised according to their intended use, manufacturing method, performances, material, and dimension. This is followed by back plate, diaphragm, chamber, and performance parametersn

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1. Dwivedi, Apoorva and Khanna, Gargi. “”A microelectromechanical system (MEMS) capacitive accelerometer-based microphone with enhanced sensitivity for fully implantable hearing aid: a novel analytical approach”” Biomedical Engineering / Biomedizinische Technik, vol. 65, no. 6, 2020, pp. 735-746. https://doi.org/10.1515/bmt-2017-0183
2. Zawawi, Siti & Hamzah, Azlan & Majlis, Burhanuddin & Mohd-Yasin, Faisal. (2020). A Review of MEMS Capacitive Microphones. Micromachines. 11. 484. 10.3390/mi11050484 3. Mallik, S., Chowdhury, D. & Chttopadhyay, M. Development and performance analysis of a low-cost MEMS microphone-based hearing aid with three different audio amplifiers. Innovations Syst Softw Eng 15, 17–25 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11334-019-00325-7 4. Kopecky, B.; Fritzsch, B. The Myc Road to Hearing Restoration. Cells 2012, 1, 667-698. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells1040667
5. Yang, C.: The sensitivity analysis of a MEMS microphone with different membrane diameters. J. Mar. Sci. Technol. 18, 790–796 (2010). 6. Deligoz et al., “”A MEMS-Based Power-Scalable Hearing Aid Analog Front End,”” in IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 201-213, June 2011, doi: 10.1109/TBCAS.2010.2079329.
7. Bahram Azizollah Ganji, Burhanuddin Yeop Majlis, Design and fabrication of a new MEMS capacitive microphone using a perforated aluminium diaphragm, Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, Volume 149, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 29-37, ISSN 0924-4247, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2008.09.017.
8. Zargarpour, N., Abdi, H. & Bahador, H.J. Low-noise and small-area integrated amplifier circuit for mems-based implantable hearing aid applications. Microsyst Technol 23, 2965–2971 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00542-016-3166-y
9. Dwivedi, Apoorva and Khanna, Gargi. “”Sensitivity enhancement of a folded beam MEMS capacitive accelerometer-based microphone for fully implantable hearing application”” Biomedical Engineering / Biomedizinische Technik, vol. 63, no. 6, 2018, pp. 699-708. https://doi.org/10.1515/bmt-2016-0181
10. Dwivedi, A., Khanna, G. Numerical simulation and modelling of a novel MEMS capacitive accelerometer based microphone for fully implantable hearing aid. Microsyst Technol 25, 399–411 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00542-018-4003-2
11. Zurcher MA, Semaan M, Megerian CA, Ko WH, Young DJ. A MEMS capacitive accelerometer design as middle ear microphone based on ossicular chain micromechanic characterization at umbo for fully implantable cochlear prosthesis. Sensors Materials 2010; 22: 297–312. 12. Ajay Sudhir Bale, Suhaas V. Reddy, Shivashankar A. Huddar, Electromechanical characterization of Nitinol based RF MEMS switch, Materials Today: Proceedings, Volume 27, Part 1, 2020, Pages 443-445, ISSN 2214-7853, 13. Ajay Sudhir Bale, J. Aditya Khatokar, Shantanu Singh, G. Bharath, M.S. Kiran Mohan, Suhaas V. Reddy, T.Y. Satheesha, Shivashankar A. Huddar, Nanosciences fostering cross domain engineering applications, Materials Today: Proceedings, 2020, ISSN 2214-7853, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.09.076. 14. J. Aditya Khatokar, N. Vinay, Ajay Sudhir Bale, M.A. Nayana, R. Harini, V. Suhaas Reddy, N. Soundarya, T.Y. Satheesha, A. Shivashankar Huddar, A study on improved methods in Micro-electromechanical systems technology, Materials Today: Proceedings, 2020, ISSN 2214-7853, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.10.993.
15. S. A. Huddar, B. G. Sheeparamatti and A. S. Bale, “”Study of pull-in voltage of a perforated SMA based MEMS Switch,”” 2017 International conference on Microelectronic Devices, Circuits and Systems (ICMDCS), Vellore, India, 2017, pp. 1-4, doi: 10.1109/ICMDCS.2017.8211584. 16. Ajay Sudhir Bale et al 2020 IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. 872 012008 17. Venkatesh M S, Manoj Patil, Ajay Sudhir Bale, Srujan Ingalgeri. Design of Remotely Monitorable Low Power Phototherapy Unit for Treatment of Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia, National Conference at Bapuji Engineering College, Davangere, India 18. Aditya Khatokar J., Mounisha M., Nayana M.A., Ajay Sudhir Bale, Bhavana S. Battery Management System: A Survey. Journal of Industrial Safety Engineering. 2020; 7(1): 29– 35p. 19. Kishan Das Menon H, Aditya Khatokar J, Ajay Sudhir Bale. Enhanced Railway Operations Using Automated Locomotive Simulator. Trends in Transport Engineering and Applications.2020; 7(1): 17–23p. 20. Aditya Khatokar J, Nayana M A , Soundarya N, Meghana N, Bhavana S, Sunkireddy Umarani, Ajay Sudhir Bale. Electric Vehicles: Transition to Green Zone. Trends in Transport Engineering and Applications. 2020; 7(2): 12–17p. 21. Raksha K.P., Rajani Alagawadi, Nisha N., Deeksha R., Ajay Sudhir Bale. Advancement of Nanotechnology in Batteries. International Journal of Energetic Materials. 2020; 6(2): 18– 24p. 22. Vinay N., Aditya Khatokar J., Ajay Sudhir Bale. Analysis on Synthesis of Quantum Dots with Their Applications on Photochemistry. International Journal of Photochemistry. 2020; 6(1): 1–11p 23. Ajay Sudhir Bale, Bharath G, Kiran Mohan M S, Shantanu Singh, Aditya Khatokar J. Thin Films: Study of Medical, Display and Environmental Applications. International Journal of Energetic Materials. 2020; 6(1): 1–6p. 24. Aditya Khatokar J., Nayana M.A., Ajay Sudhir Bale, Meghana N., Sunkireddy Umarani. A Survey on High Frequency Radios and their Applications. Journal of Industrial Safety Engineering. 2020; 7(1):7–12p. 25. Harish Koujalgi, Ajay Sudhir Bale. Biometric Based Automatic Ticket Vending Machine for Indian Railways. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET). Volume: 04 Issue: 07 July -2017. e-ISSN: 2395-0056, p-ISSN: 2395-0072. 26. Ajay Sudhir Bale, Harish Koujalgi. Quality Factor analysis for Nitinol based RF MEMS Resonator. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET). Volume: 04 Issue: 07 July -2017. e-ISSN: 2395-0056, p-ISSN: 2395-0072. 27. Aditya Khatokar J, Nayana M A, Kishan Das Menon H, Janardhan V, Ajay Sudhir Bale. A Study on Various Approaches in Remote Sensing. Journal of Telecommunication, Switching Systems and Networks. 2020; 7(2): 32–37p. 28. Ajay Sudhir Bale, J. Aditya Khatokar, M.S. Kiran Mohan, G. Bharath, Shantanu Singh, J. Roshini, Suhaas V. Reddy, Shivashankar A. Huddar, N. Vinay, Nanotechnology as a tool for treating cancerous tumors, Materials Today: Proceedings,2021,ISSN 2214-7853, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.12.1175. 29. S. S. Kumar, A. Sudhir Bale, P. M. Matapati and V. N, “”Conceptual Study of Artificial Intelligence in Smart Cities with Industry 4.0,”” 2021 International Conference on Advance Computing and Innovative Technologies in Engineering (ICACITE), 2021, pp. 575-577, doi: 10.1109/ICACITE51222.2021.9404607. 30. A. S. Bale, S. Saravana Kumar, P. Rao and A. K. J., “”A Recent Trend in DC Microgrid,”” 2021 International Conference on Advance Computing and Innovative Technologies in Engineering(ICACITE), 2021, pp. 543-546, doi: 10.1109/ICACITE51222.2021.9404668. 31. Ajay Sudhir Bale, Subhashish Tiwari, K. Lova Raju, Pravesh P., Kishore P., Vinayak N. (2021). Environmental Surveillance Monitoring System in Industries Using Industrial Internet of Things. Design Engineering, 1783- 1790. Retrieved from http://www.thedesignengineering.com/ index.php/DE/article/view/1884 32. Ajay Sudhir Bale. (2021). Chatbots: Cross-Domain Engineering Applications. Turkish Online Journal of Qualitative Inquiry, 12(6), 8414–8424. https://tojqi.net/index.php/journal/ article/view/3296
33. Ajay Sudhir Bale. (2021). Supervised Machine Learning Techniques for Sentiment Analysis and its Application in Image Processing and Remote Sensing. Turkish Online Journal of Qualitative Inquiry, 12(7), 5759–5775. https://tojqi.net/index.php/journal/article/view/4720 34. Ajay Sudhir Bale, Hosamani Ummar Farooq N, Shivashankar Huddar. Automated Diesel transfer system using PLC. Journal of Industrial Safety Engineering. 2019; 6(1): 8–14p.

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nThis paper is an overview of the different technologies used in reactive power compensation. Generally, the compensation of reactive power is due to two reasons. The first is to compensate for load and secondly for voltage support. To improve voltage regulation, stability in transmission, and distribution system, and also to improve power factor, Var compensator and Var generators are used. Many types of self-commuted generators and various new technologies with lots of advantages are described. In the development and application of controllable static Var, compensator progress has been made in the last few years.n

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31. H Okayama, T Fujii, S Tamai, S Jochi, M Takeda, R Hellested, G Reed. Application and development concepts for a new transformer-less FACTS device: the multimode static series compensator (MSSC). Proc. IEEE PES Conf. Expo. Dallas, TX, 2003.
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nThis work shows the performance improvement of a power system using STATCOM interfaced with an energy storage device (E-STATCOM). The storage device considered in this article is a supercapacitor. The STATCOM draws or supplies reactive power to the system while the supercapacitor caters for real power need. A multimachine power system model has been developed incorporating the STATCOM and supercapacitor dynamics. E-STATCOM has been considered to have been installed in the relatively weaker part of the power system. The model involves writing dynamics of each machine in its own reference frame, integrating them with the network equations in the synchronous reference frame, and also integrating them with the STATCOM and supercapacitor controller. Simulation studies have been carried out with torque pulse on a generator, several threephase fault scenarios in the system, and also with sequential fault in the system. It has been observed that the properly controlled E-STATCOM device provides very good damping profile following disturbances. It is even able to temporarily stabilize otherwise unstable system.n

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1. F. H. Gandoman, A. M. Shraf, P. Siano, et al, “Review of FACTS technologies and applications for power quality in smart grids with renewable energy systems,” Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews. February 2018; 82(1): 502-514.
2. M. Eslami, H. Shareef, A. Mohamed et al., “A survey on flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS),” Przegald Elektrotechniczny. 2012; 88 (1A): 1-11.
3. S. Xu, S. Wang,G. Zuo, C. Davidson,,M. Oliveira, et al, 7. “Application examples of STATCOM,” in Flexible AC Transmission Systems, (CIGRE Green Books), B. Andersen and S. Nilsson, Eds., Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 2020, pp. 511-584.
4. C. Jayamaha, A. Costabeber, A. Williams, and M. Sumner. “An Independently controlled energy storage to support short term frequency fluctuations in weak electrical grids”. International Journal of Electrical Power Energy Systems. 2018; 103: 562-576.
5. L. Wang, Q. Vo, A. V. Prokhorov. “Stability Improvement of a Multimachine Power System Connected with a Large-Scale Hybrid Wind-Photovoltaic Farm Using a Super capacitor”. IEEE Transactions on Industry Application. January-February 2018; 54(1): 50-60.
6. M. Rostami and S. Lotfifard, “Scalable Coordinated Control of Energy Storage Systems for Enhancing Power System Angle Stability,” IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy. Apr. 2018; 9(2): 763-770
7. O. B. Adewuyi, R. Shigenobu, K. Ooya, T. Senjyu, and A. M. Howlader, “Static voltage stability improvement with battery energy storage considering optimal control of active and reactive power injection”. Electric Power System Research. 2019; 172: 303-312.
8. F. Hamoud, M. L. Doumbia and A. Chériti, “Voltage sag and swell mitigation using D-STATCOM in renewable energy based distributed generation systems.” 12th International Conference Ecological Vehicles & Renewable Energies (EVER); April 11-13, 2017; Monte Carlo, Monaco. US: IEEE Press; 2017. 9. Jun Liu, Can Su, Xu Wang, Wanliang Fang. “Abnormality in power system transient stability control of BESS/STATCOM”. The Journal of Engineering. 2017; 2017 (13): 1040–1044.
10. U. Datta, A. Kalam, and J. Shi, “Battery Energy Storage System to Stabilize Transient Voltage and Frequency and Enhance Power Export Capability,” IEEE Transactions on Power System. May 2019; 34 (3): 1845-1857.
11. G. O. Suvire and P. E. Mercado, “Combined control of a distribution static synchronous compensator/flywheel energy storage system for wind energy applications,” IET Generation Transmission & Distribution. June 2012; 6(6): 483-492.
12. S. Ananthavel et al., “Analysis of enhancement in available power transfer capacity by STATCOM integrated SMES by numerical simulation studies,” Engineering Science & Technology an International Journal. June 2016; 19: 671-675.
13. A. H. M. A. Rahim, M. A. Alam, “STATCOM-Supercapacitor Control for Low Voltage Performance Improvement of Wind Generation Systems,” Arabian Journal of Science & Engineering. November 2013; 38: 3133-3143.
14. M. K. Döşoğlu, A. B. Arsoy, “Transient modeling and analysis of a DFIG based wind farm with supercapacitor energy storage,” International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems. June 2016; 78: 414-421.
15. M. Beza, M. Bongiorno. “An Adaptive Power Oscillation Damping Controller by STATCOM with Energy Storage”. IEEE Transactions on Power System. January 2015; 30: 484-493.
16. K. Frey, M. Garg, R. Morgenstern, N. Platt, and E. Spahic. “Provision of fast frequency response by SVC plus frequency stabilizer”. 15th IET International Conference on AC & DC Power Transmission (ACDC 2019); February 5-7, 2019; Coventry, UK. US: IEEE Press; 2019.
17. M. A. Alam. “Impact of wind generator infeed on dynamic performance of a power system”. Ph.D. dissertation, KFUPM, Saudi Arabia, April 2010.

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nSlip power recovery scheme (SPRS) employing semiconductor technology has a considerable role in the progress of variable speed slip ring induction motor drive (SRIMD). SPRS utilizing the various configurations of pulse width modulated (PWM) inverters are current source inverters, voltage source inverters (VSI) with voltage and current control techniques, while the choppers are buck, boost, and buck-boost configurations. The PWMVSI with chopper controller allows the reactive power and speed control simultaneously, therefore achieves the decoupled control of SRIM. This study presents the analysis of SPRS based SRIMD employing PWMVSI with voltage and current control techniques in combination with buck-boost DC-DC converter using MOSFET semiconductor devices. In the voltage control technique, the power is returned back to supply through reactor while in the PWMVSI using current control technique, the power is feedback to the supply through reactor and step-up transformer. The goal of voltage and current control techniques is to decrease the reactive power requirement of inverter from the supply, as a result of THD of supply current, and improve the power factor as well as efficiency of SRIMD. The simulation model of 2 HP motor has been developed in the Simulink to analyze the performance characteristics of SRIMD. From the simulation results it has been established the SPRS using buck-boost DC-DC and PWMVSI employing voltage and current control techniques have improved the power factor and efficiency as well as reduced the reactive power consumption of inverter, therefore THD of supply compared to SPRS without DC-Dc converter.n

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1. Lavi A, Polge RJ. Induction motor speed control with static inverter in the rotor. IEEE Trans Power Appar Syst. 1966 Jan; PAS-85(1): 76–84.
2. Kumar A, Aggarwal SK, Saini LM, et al. Performance analysis of a microcontroller based slip power recovery drive. Int J Eng Technol. 2011; 3(3): 25–35.
3. Yang X, Xi L, Yang X, Jian-guo J. Research on the application of PFC technology in cascade speed control system. 2008 3rd IEEE Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications ICIEA. 2008 Jun 03–05; Singapore. US: IEEE Press; 2008.
4. Rahi OP, Chandel AK. Refurbishment and Uprating of Hydro Power Plants-A Literature Review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2015 Aug; 48: 726–737.
5. Rahi OP, Kumar A. Economic Analysis for Refurbishment and Uprating of Hydro Power Plants. Renew Energy. 2016; 86: 1197–1204.
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Abstract

nIn this paper, we propose to model some practical power electronic converters used in the intermediate power conversion process for e.g. wind, solar power, and battery system. The smallsignal models are derived from the differential equations. Based on the models, simulation and experimental results are provided to validate the proposed controllers. A mathematical and simulation model of a practical Buck-Boost converter is developed. It will be employed for closed loop voltage control of a DFIG DC system through MATLAB/Simulink. This ideology is be verified upon a hardware setup with a microcontroller.n

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1. Narsardin MAM. Voltage tracking of a DC-DC buck converter using neural network control (Doctoral dissertation, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia). 2012.
2. Abhijeet Bhattacharya, Sandeep Banerjee, Saksham Girotra, Hridesh Shukla, Gaurang Bhardwaj, Sidharth Talia. Simulation and design of PI-controller for the control of buck converter. Journal of Microelectronics and Solid State Devices. 2020; 7(1): 26–33.
3. Y Wang, D Yu, Y Kim. Robust time-delay control for the DC-DC boost converter. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. Sept. 2014; 61(9): 4829–4837. DOI: 10.1109/TIE.2013.2290764.
4. Stephen SBJ, Devaprakash TR. Improved control strategy on buck-boost converter fed DC motor. 2011 International Conference on Recent Advancements in Electrical, Electronics and Control Engineering. IEEE. Sivakasi, India. 2011, Dec. 15–17.
5. Algamluoli AF. Novel controller for DC-DC Cuk converter. 2019 1st Global Power, Energy and Communication Conference (GPECOM). IEEE. Nevsehir, Turkey. 2019, June 12–15.
6. Ushakumari S, Mithila AK. Design of robust sliding mode and fuzzy logic controllers for boost and buck-boost converters. 2017 International Conference on Intelligent Computing, Instrumentation and Control Technologies (ICICICT). IEEE. Kerala, India. 2017, July, 6–7.
7. Rajeswari RV, Geetha A. Comparison of Buck-boost and CUK converter control using fuzzy logic controller. Int. J. Innov. Res. Sci. Eng. Technol. 2014; 3(3).
8. Algamluoli A, Mahmood MF. Controller for boost converter in S-domain and Z-Domain by using SISOTOOL MATLAB. International Journal of Computer Applications.2017; 174(9): 3–7.
9. Chen Jingquan Maksimovic, Dragan Erickson, Robert. Buck-boost PWM converters having two independently controlled switches. PESC Record: IEEE Annual Power Electronics Specialists Conference. Vancuover, BC, Canada. 2001, June 17–21. DOI: 10.1109/PESC.2001.954206.
10. Dinca L, J Corcau. P.I. versus fuzzy control for a DC to DC boost converter. 2016 International Symposium on Power Electronics, Electrical Drives, Automation and Motion (SPEEDAM). Capri, Italy. 2016, June 22–24.

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