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Abstract

nClimate change is unavoidable due to the dynamic character of global ecosystems. The reasons of these environmental changes are both man-made and natural. Human activities have always had an impact on the environment. As economic activity and population expansion have risen to the point that they can no longer be disregarded or seen in isolation, the consequences of mankind just on environment could no longer be ignored or examined in isolation. Because of extensive forest resource depletion, the quality of many basic parts of the natural resource base, like air, water, soil, etc. is deteriorating. Pollution is another source of concern, as it has long-term and possibly irreversible impacts, including climate change. A conclusion this study provides an overview of the consequences of deforestation from the perspectives of a variety of stakeholders. The campaign to rescue the world’s rainforests and other forests is still ongoing, and global awareness of the issue is increasing. We must first understand why forests are being destroyed in order to save them. It is essential to identify between the agents of deforestation and the reasons of deforestation in order to comprehend the primary variables that contribute to deforestation. Farmers who slash and burn, farm owners, ranchers, loggers, firewood collection, and infrastructure developers are all examples of slash and burn farmers, and others who chop down trees are agents of deforestation. The forces that drive agents to remove forests are known as deforestation causes. However, much of the extant literature divides specific elements into two categories: direct and indirect causes of deforestation. Deforestation’s direct agents and causes.n

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International Journal of Environmental Chemistry

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[if 344 not_equal=””]ISSN: 2456-5245[/if 344]

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nVegetation on the bank of a river or stream has a major influence on resistance, velocity distribution, and turbulence force. The resistance to flow in open channels depends on different channel and flow parameters. Out of many factors, vegetation is the mainly important parameter in open channels. In this study have been five points to measure the velocity in the channel. The experimental work has been done by a rectangular channel made from Mild Steel, Aluminium, Alloy, Stainless Steel, and transparent clear acrylic 10 mm. and with a uniform cross-section built inside a metallic flume. The measurements were carried out under various hydraulic conditions in the flume. The stiff plants carefully were selected shaped to fit the natural plants found in nature in the non-submerged case. Several discharges Q were explored. Data were available for analysis from 15 test series versus velocity for un-submerged vegetation, Point velocities at grid points of the different cross-sections are collected and the velocity contour of each cross-section is plotted using excel. The results expose that inside the cylindrical rods’ layer, the velocity profiles no longer follows the velocity of the flow of liquid logarithmic law profile reduces within the vegetated region of the channel. It is identified that the added external drag force applied by plants reduces the mean flow velocity surrounded by a vegetated section of the channel compared to the non-vegetated section. The effects of hydraulic flow characteristics of riparian vegetation were studied by taking vertical velocity measurements of the most irregular deflected shape of the vegetation. Within vegetation, the mean velocity decreases with the flow for which the vegetative roughness increases with decreasing velocity.n

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1. Aberle, J., & Järvelä, J. (2013). Flow resistance of emergent rigid and flexible floodplain vegetation. Journal of Hydraulic Research, 51 (1), 33–45.
2. Järvelä, J. (2004). Flow resistance in environmental channels: focus on vegetation. Helsinki University of Technology.
3. Järvelä, J., (2002). Flow resistance of flexible and stiff vegetation: a flume study with natural plants. J. Hydrol. 269 (1/2), 44–54.
4. Jordanova, A.A., James, C.S. (2003). Experimental Study of Bed Load Transport through Emergent Vegetation. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 129 (6): 474–478. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2003)129: 6 (474).
5. Li, Y., Wang, Y., Anim, D.O., Tang, C., Du, W., Ni, L., Yu, Z. and Acharya, K., (2014). Flow characteristics in different densities of submerged flexible vegetation from an open-channel flume study of artificial plants. Geomorphology, 204, pp. 314–324.
6. Vargas‐Luna, A., Crosato, A., & Uijttewaal, W.S. (2015). Effects of vegetation on flow and sediment transport: comparative analyses and validation of predicting models. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 40 (2), 1570176.
7. Yen, B.C. 2002. Open Channel Flow Resistance. J. Hydr. Engrg., 128 (1), 20–39.
8. Järvelä, J. (2004). Determination of flow resistance caused by non‐submerged woody vegetation. International Journal of River Basin Management, 2 (1), 61–70.
9. Järvelä, J. (2006). Vegetative flow resistance: characterization of woody plants for modeling applications. In World Environmental and Water Resource Congress 2006: Examining the Confluence of Environmental and Water Concerns (pp. 1–10).
10. Cui, J., Neary, V.S., 2008. LES study of turbulent flows with submerged vegetation. J. Hydraul. Res. 46 (3), 307–316.
11. Sadeghi, M.A., Bajestan, M.S., & Saneie, M. (2010). Experimental investigation on flow velocity variation in compound channel with non-submerged rigid vegetation in floodplain. World Applied Sciences Journal, 9 (12), 1398–1402.”

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nThe models for the effectiveness of stripper and absorber for the desulphurization and deammonization of sour water were presented. The data obtained showed reliability during simulation of models. The results of simulation showed that ammonia was properly stripped off in the stripper than the other components of the sour water as the overall mass transfer coefficients were 4.0 S-1 when glycol was used as solvent and 3.0S-1 when water was used as solvent. The absorber showed that sulphur had the highest effectiveness as compared to the other component of the inlet gas. The results of simulations when compared showed agreement with computer program and Aspen Hysys model developed. The results of the simulations finally defined that deammonization of sour water was observed in the stripper column while desulphurization was observed in the absorber.n

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1. Asquith J, Moore A. Sour water processing-balancing needs. Proceedings of the Brimstone sulphur recovery symposium, Vail, Colo.; 2000.
2. Hatcher NA, Jones CE, Weiland RH, et al. Sour water stripping part 3; WWT. Technology. 2015.
3. Hauser R, Kirkey RT. Refinery tests demonstrate fixed valve trays improve performance in sour water stripper. AICLE Spring National Meeting, New or Cleans, LA TI-ZE; 2001.
4. Kazemi A, Mehrabani-Zeinabad A, Beheshti M. Development of a novel processing system for efficient sour water stripping. Energy. 2017;125:449–58. doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2017.02.135.
5. Lee D, Lee J-M, Lee S-Y, Lee I-B. Dynamic simulation of the sour water stripping process and modified structure for effective pressure control. Chem Eng Res Des. 2002;80(2):167–77. doi: 10.1205/026387602753501889.
6. Ponting J, Kister HZ, Nielsen RB. Troubleshooting and Solving a sour water stripper problem. Chem Eng (USA). 2013;120(11):28–34.
7. Quinlan MP, Hati AA. Processing NH3 Acid gas in a sulfur recovery unit, preceding of the Laurence Reid Gas Conditioning Conference. Norman, OK; 2010.
8. Sharma MK, Nag A. Process developed for enhanced H2S recovery from sour water strippers. Oil Gas J. 2009;107(18):44–9.
9. Zhang S, Gao X. Modelling of stripper temperature based on improved T-S fuzzy Neural Network. J Comput. 2014;9(5).
10. Sujo-Nava D, Scodari LA, Slater CS, Dahm K, Savelski MJ. Retrofit of sour water networks in oil refineries: A case study. Chem Eng Process Intensif. 2009;48(4):892–901. doi:10.1016/j.cep.2008.12.002.

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