Contribution, Limitations and Future Of Plant Growth Promoting Consortium in Sustainable Agriculture

Year : 2024 | Volume : | : | Page : –
By

Nivedita Mishra,

Krishna Sundari Sattiraju,

  1. Assistant Professor Plant & Microbial Biotechnology Group, Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology (JIIT), A-10, Sector-62, NOIDA Uttar Pradesh India
  2. Professor Plant & Microbial Biotechnology Group, Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology (JIIT), A-10, Sector-62, NOIDA Uttar Pradesh India

Abstract

Current agricultural methods rely significantly on chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and other agrochemicals to enhance plant growth and combat pathogens, aiming to boost crop yields. However, the accumulation of chemical residues in the soil diminishes soil fertility considerably over a period. These accumulated chemicals gradually alter the soil’s chemical composition, ultimately rendering it infertile. The high risk conditions associated with these agricultural chemicals such as bioaccumulation, chemical toxicity and development of resistance in pathogens is leading to increased awareness and acceptance of sustainable agricultural practices promoting usage of more organic options including microbial alternatives as plant growth promoting microbes.
Contemporary agricultural methods prioritize the utilization of biological agents for enhancing plant growth and controlling pests with aim for sustainable soil management, as these are cost effective and eco-friendly. Extensively publicized and scientifically investigated, plant growth-promoting microbes offer promising solutions to enhance crop yield and also provide a better alternative to conventionally used agricultural chemicals. Many such commercial biofertilizers and bio pesticides are available in market, which are cost effective and eco-friendly too. Despite these qualities, market penetration and acceptability of these bioinoculants are limited.
The study explores major limitations of existing bioinoculants, major hurdles affecting formulation quality, gap between potential market demand and production, concepts of consortia to produce synergistic effects, challenges in consortia-based formulation development. The study also presents solutions to overcome these bottlenecks so that these bio-products can help to reduce the toxic chemical load in soils augmenting the soil health, and prove to be a valuable and better acceptable option for sustainable agriculture.

Keywords: Consortia, Bioformulations, Biopesticides, Biofertilisers, Bioinoculants, Plant growth promotion and biocontrol, Sustainable agriculture

How to cite this article: Nivedita Mishra, Krishna Sundari Sattiraju. Contribution, Limitations and Future Of Plant Growth Promoting Consortium in Sustainable Agriculture. Research & Reviews : Journal of Botany. 2024; ():-.
How to cite this URL: Nivedita Mishra, Krishna Sundari Sattiraju. Contribution, Limitations and Future Of Plant Growth Promoting Consortium in Sustainable Agriculture. Research & Reviews : Journal of Botany. 2024; ():-. Available from: https://journals.stmjournals.com/rrjob/article=2024/view=156966



References

  1. Kholkute Biofertilizers: Opportunities and challenges. Biofertilizers. 2015; 65:40–43p. Available from: http://www.ifaj.org/fileadmin/filedb/a/2014/20141128_RK_Biofertilizers_Op portunities_and_Challenges_.pdf.
  2. Ritchie H, Rodés-Guirao L, Mathieu E, et al. Population Growth. Published online at OurWorldInData.org. 2023 [cited 2024 Mar 06]; Available from: ‘https://ourworldindata.org/population-growth’ [Online Resource]
  3. Sanchez PA, Swaminathan MS. Hunger in Africa: the link between unhealthy people and unhealthy soils. The Lancet. 2005; 365(9457):442-444p. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)17834-9
  4. Kalra A, Khanuja SPS. Research and development priorities for biopesticide and biofertiliser products for sustainable agriculture in India. In Teng PS, editors. Business Potential for Agricultural Biotechnology, India. Asian Productivity Organisation, 2007:96-102.
  5. Global Agricultural Information Network, “Grain and Feed Annual, India,” USDA, Foreign Agricultural Service GAIN Report Number: IN6033, 2016.
  6. FAO        [cited       2024       March        18];        Available        from: http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/wsfs/docs/expert_paper/How_to_Fee d_the_World_in_2050.pdf
  7. Tilman D, Cassman KG, Matson PA, et Agricultural sustainability and intensive production practices. Nature. 2002; 418(8):671-677p
  8. Hamuda HEAFB, Patko Strategy for Improve the Global Food Production. Óbuda University Bulletin. 2011; 2(1):57-74p.
  9. Önder M, Ceyhan E, Kahraman A. Effects of Agricultural Practices on Environment. Int Conf Biol Environ Chem. 2011; 24:28-32p
  10. Bhattacharyya R, Ghosh BN, Mishra PK, et al. Soil degradation in India: Challenges and potential solutions. Sustainability. 2015; 7:3528-70p. doi:10.3390/su704352
  11. Solbrig OT, Solbrig DJ. So Shall You Reap: Farming and Crops in Human Affairs. 6th Edn. Washington, D.C.: Island Press; 1994.
  12. Gupta SK, Gupta AB, Gupta R. Pathophysiology of Nitrate Toxicity in Humans in View of the Changing Trends of the Global Nitrogen Cycle With Special Reference to India. 459-68p. Yash PA, Tapan KA, Viney PA, Raghuram N, Pathak H, Kulshrestha U, Sharma C, Singh B, editors. The Indian Nitrogen Assessment. Elsevier; 2017. ISBN 9780128118368, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-811836-8.00028-8.
  13. Vejan P, Abdullah R, Khadiran T, et al. Role of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria in agricultural sustainability—A Review. Molecules. 2016; 21(573):1-17p. doi:10.3390/molecules21050573
  14. Ponti T, Rijk B, Ittersum MK, The crop yield gap between organic and conventional agriculture. 2012. Agric System. 108:1-9.
  15. Kumar S, Singh A. Biopesticides for integrated crop management: Environmental and regulatory aspects. J Biofertil Biopestici. 2014; 5:e121. doi:10.4172/2155-6202.1000e121(2014)
  16. Mishra N, Khan SS, Sundari SK. Native isolate Trichoderma harzianum – a biocontrol agent with unique abiotic stress tolerance properties. World J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2016; 32(8):e130. doi: 10.1007/s11274-016-2086-4
  17. European business and technology centre concept. 2011. [cited 2024 March 18]; Available from: http://ebtc.eu/pdf/India-EU-Creating-Complementing- Value.pdf
  18. Salisbury FB, Ross CW, Plant Physiology, 4th Edn. California: Wadsworth Publishing Co., Belmont, CA, 1992.
  19. Guidelines for use of micronutrients, soil ameliorants and integrated nutrient management practices in NFSM States, National Food Security Mission, Department of Agriculture and Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India. [cited 2024 Mar 06]; Available from: http://www.nfsm.gov.in/Micronutrient.pdf
  20. Sideman E, Natural Sources of Plant Nutrients. Main Organic Farmer and Gardner Association Fact Sheet, 2007. [cited 2024 Mar 06]; Available from: http://www.mofga.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=RaB2XYmixwM%3D&tabi d=13
  21. Atkinson NJ, Urwin PE. The interaction of plant biotic and abiotic stresses: from genes to the field. J Exp Bot. 2012; 63(10):3523-43p. doi:10.1093/jxb/ers100
  22. Hussain B. Modernization in plant breeding approaches for improving biotic stress resistance in crop plants. Turk J Agric. 2015; 39:515-30p. doi:10.3906/tar-1406-176
  23. Tohidfar M, Khosravi S. Transgenic crops with an improved resistance to biotic stresses. A review. Biotechnol Agron Soc Environ. 2015; 19(1):62-70p.
  24. Bashan Y, de-Bashan LE. Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria. Vol. 1, 103- 115p. In: Hillel D, editor. Encyclopedia of soils in the environment. Oxford, UK: Elsevier; 2005.
  25. Mishra N, Sundari SK. Native PGPMs as bioinoculants to promote plant growth: Response to PGPM inoculation in principal grain and pulse crops. Intl J Agric Food Sci Technol. 2013; 4(10):1055-64p. ISSN: 2249-3050.
  26. Mishra, N and Sundari S. Native PGPM consortium: A beneficial solution to support plant growth in the presence of phytopathogens and residual organophosphate pesticides. J Bioprocess Biotech. 2015; 5:202p. doi:10.4172/2155-9821.1000202
  27. Shaheen S, Mishra N, Sundari SK. Assessment of Pseudomonas spp. for growth promotion, Biocontrol and Stress Tolerance applicability towards organic and inorganic pollutants. Eco Env & Cons. 2022; 28 (May Suppl Issue):S316-29p. ISSN 0971-765X.
  28. Kebede E. Competency of Rhizobial Inoculation in Sustainable Agricultural Production and Biocontrol of Plant Diseases. Front Sustain Food Syst. 2021; 5:728014p. doi: 10.3389/fsufs.2021.728014
  29. Nguyen PM, Nguyen HT, Le HTT, et al. The Effects of Rhizobium Inoculation On The Growth Of Rice (Oryza Sativa ) and White Radish (Raphanus Sativus L.). IOP Conf Se. Earth Enviro. Sci. 2022; 995:012053p. doi:10.1088/1755-1315/995/1/012053
  30. Ramirez LEF, Mellado JC. Bacterial biofertilizers. In: Siddiqui ZA, editor. PGPR: Biocontrol and Biofertilization. 143-172p. Netherlands: Springer Netherlands; 2006. doi: 10.1007/1-4020-4152-7_5
  31. Wang CJ, Yang W, Wang C, et al. Induction of drought tolerance in cucumber plants by a consortium of three plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium strains. PLoS One. 2012; 7(12):e52565p. doi: 1371/journal.pone.0052565
  32. Gyaneshwar P, Naresh Kumar G, Parekh LJ, et al. Role of Soil microorganisms in improving P nutrition of plants. Plant Soil. 2002; 245(1):83-93p.
  33. Martínez-Viveros O, Jorquera MA, Crowley DE, et al. Mechanisms and practical considerations involved in plant growth promotion by rhizobacteria. J Soil Sci Plant Nutr. 2010; 10(3):293-319.
  34. Mullen MD. Phosphorus in soils: biological interactions. In Hillel D., Rosenzweig C, Powlson D, Scow K, Singer M, Sparks D, editors. Encyclopedia of Soils in the Environment. 3: 210-15p. London: Academic Press, Elsevier, Ltd, Oxford, 2005.
  35. Altomare, C, Norvell WA, Bjo¨Rkman T, et al. Solubilization of phosphates and micronutrients by the plant-growth-promoting and biocontrol fungus Trichoderma harzianum Rifai 1295-22. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1999; 65(7): 2926-33p.
  36. Cassan, F, Perrig D, Sgroy V, et al. Basic and technological aspects of phytohormone production by microorganisms: Azospirillum sp. as a model of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria. In Maheshwari DK, editor. Bacteria in Agrobiology: Plant Nutrient 141-82p. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer; 2011. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-21061-7_7
  37. de Souza R, Ambrosini A, Passaglia L, et al. Plant growth-promoting bacteria as inoculants in agricultural soils. Genetics Mol Biol. 2015; 38(4):401-19p.
  38. Burg SP, Apelbaum A, Eisinger W, et al. Physiology and mode of action of Ethylene. Hort Sci. 1971; 6(4):359-64p.
  39. Ravanbakhsh M, Sasidharan R, Voesenek LACJ et al. Microbial modulation of plant  ethylene  signaling:  ecological  and  evolutionary consequences. 2018; 6:5p. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-018- 0436-1
  40. Sundari SK, Nandini KE. A systematic study of advances in Plant-stress biotechnology, processes involved and approaches for countering stress: Biotechnological techniques of stress tolerance in plants. In: Miransari M, editor. Stress and Plant Biotechnology, Chapter 4. Houstan, Texas: Studium Press LLC, 2013.
  41. Rincón A, Valladares F, Gimeno TE, et al. Water stress responses of two mediterranean tree species influenced by native soil microorganisms and inoculation with a plant growth promoting Rhizobacterium. Tree Physiol. 2008; 28(11):1693-1701p.
  42. Mastouri F, Björkman T, Harman GE. Seed treatment with Trichoderma harzianum alleviates biotic, abiotic, and physiological stresses in germinating seeds and seedlings. Phytopathol. 2010; 100:1213-21.
  43. Nakkeeran S, Fernando WGD, Siddiqui ZA. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria formulations and its scope in commercialization for the management of pests and diseases. 257- 296p. In: Siddiqui ZA, editor. PGPR: Biocontrol and Biofertilization. Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Springer, 2005.
  44. Woo, SL, Ruocco M, Vinale F, et al. Trichoderma-based products and their widespread use in agriculture. Open Mycol J. 2014; 8(M4):71-126p.
  45. Monteiro CMO, Araújo LX, Matos RS, et al. Association between entomopathogenic nematodes and fungi for control of Rhipicephalus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae). Parasitol Res. 2013. 112:3645–51. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00436-013-3552-7
  46. Kumar Plant disease management in India: Advances and challenges. African J Agric Res. 2014; 9(15):1207-17p.
  47. Beneduzi A, Ambrosini A, Passaglia LMP. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR): Their potential as antagonists and biocontrol agents. Genetics Mol Biol. 2012; 35(4) (suppl):1044-51p.
  48. ingh BK, Walker A, Microbial degradation of Organophosphorus compounds. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2006; 30(3):428-471p.
  49. Harish R, Supreeth M, Chauhan JB, Biodegradation of Organophosphate pesticide by soil fungi. Adv biotech. 2013; 12(9):4-8p.
  50. Orozco-Mosqueda Ma del Carmen, Glick BR., Gustavo S. ACC deaminase in plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB): An efficient mechanism to counter salt stress in crops. Microbiological Research. 2020; 235:126439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micres.2020.126439
  51. Rao NS, Mishra U. Strategic marketing of biofertilizers. Krishak Bharti Cooperative. 2013. [cited 2024 Mar 06]; Available from: http://www.kribhco.net/images/pdf/PAPER_2013.pdf
  52. Mazid M, Khan TA. Future of Bio-fertilizers in Indian agriculture: An overview. Int J Agric Food Res. 2014; 3(3):10-23p.
  53. De Bruin JL, Pedersen P, Conley SP, et al. Probability of yield response to inoculants in fields with a history of soybean. CropScience. 2010; 50:265– 72p. https:// doi.org/10.2135/crops ci2009.04.0185
  54. Kumar J, Ramlal A, Mallick D, et al. An Overview of Some Biopesticides and Their Importance in Plant Protection for Commercial Acceptance. Plants (Basel). 2021(Jun); 10(6):1185p. doi: 10.3390/plants10061185. PMID: 34200860; PMCID: PMC8230470.
  55. Chakraborty, N, Mitra, R, Pal S, et al. Biopesticide Consumption in India: Insights into the Current Agriculture. 2023; 13:557p. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13030557
  56. Thies JE, Singleton PW, Bohlool BB. Influence of the size of indigenous rhizobial populations on establishment and symbiotic performance of introduced rhizobia on field- grown legumes. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1991; 57:19–28p. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.57.1.19- 28.1991
  57. O’Callaghan M, Ballard RA, Wright D. Soil microbial inoculants for sustainable agriculture: Limitations and opportunities. Soil Use and Management. 2022; 38:1340–69p. https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.12811
  58. Garcha S. Present Scenario: Status of the Biofertilizer Industry in India. In: Kaur S, Dwibedi V, Sahu PK, Kocher GS, Metabolomics, Proteomes and Gene Editing Approaches in Biofertilizer Industry. Springer: Singapore. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-3561-1_2
  59. Indian fertilizer scenario 2013, Department of Fertilizers, Ministry of Chemical and Fertilizers, Government of India. [cited 2024 Mar 05]; Available from: http://fert.nic.in/sites/default/files/Indian%20Fertilizer%20SCENARIO- 2014.pdf
  60. Majumdar K, Bio-Fertilizer use in Indian Agriculture. Paripex Indian J Res. 2015. 4(6):377-81.
  61. Yadav AK, Chandra K. Mass production and quality control of microbial inoculants. Proc Indian Natn Sci Acad. 2014; 80(2):483-489p.
  62. Arif I, Batool M, Schenk PM. Plant microbiome engineering: expected benefits for improved crop growth and resilience. Trends Biotechnol. 2020; 38, 1385–96p. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2020.04.015.
  63. Stockwell VO, Johnson KB, Sugar D, et al. Mechanistically Compatible mixtures of bacterial antagonists improve biological control of fire blight of pear. Phytopathology 2010; 101:113–23p. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO- 03-10-0098
  64. Khan MY, Nadeem SM, Sohaib M, et al. Potential of plant growth promoting bacterial consortium for improving the growth and yield of wheat under saline conditions. Front Microbiol. 2022; 13:958522p. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.958522. PMID: 36246246; PMCID: PMC9557047.
  65. Nunes PSO, Lacerda Junior GV, Mascarin GM, et Microbial consortium of biological products: do they have a future?. Biological Control. 2024; 105439p. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2024.105439
  66. Pandey P, Bisht S, Sood A, et Consortium of Plant-Growth-Promoting Bacteria: Future Perspective in Agriculture. In: Maheshwari DK editor. Bacteria in Agrobiology: Plant Probiotics. Springer-Verlag Berlin: Heidelberg. 2012. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-27515-9_10
  67. Kaur T, Devi R, Kumar S, et al. Microbial consortium with nitrogen fixing and mineral solubilizing attributes for growth of barley (Hordeum vulgare ). Heliyon. 2022; 8:e09326p. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09326
  68. Shilev S, Babrikova I, Babrikov T. Consortium of plant growth-promoting bacteria improves spinach (Spinacea oleracea ) growth under heavy metal stress conditions. J Chem Technol Biotechnol. 2020; 95:932–939p. https://doi.org/10.1002/JCTB.6077
  69. Dixit R, Bisht N, Misra S, et Bacillus consortia modulate transcriptional and metabolic machinery of Arabidopsis plants for salt tolerance. Curr. Microbiol. 2023; 80:1–12p. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00284-023-03187-2
  70. Anshu A, Agarwal P, Mishra K, et al. Synergistic action of Trichoderma koningiopsis and asperellum mitigates salt stress in paddy. Physiol. Mol. Biol. Plants. 2022; 28: 987–1004p. https://doi.org/10.1007/S12298-022-01192-6
  71. Chen D, Hou Q, Jia L, et Combined use of two Trichoderma strains to promote growth of pakchoi (Brassica chinensis L.). Agronomy. 2021; 11:726p. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11040726
  72. Metwally RA, Azab HS, Al-Shannaf HM, et al. Prospective of mycorrhiza and Beauvaria bassiana silica nanoparticles on Gossypium hirsutum L. plants as biocontrol agent against cotton leafworm, Spodoptera BMC Plant Biol. 2022; 22:1–18p. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-022-03763-x
  73. Fukui R, Fukui H, Alvarez AM, et Comparisons of single versus multiple bacterial species on biological control of anthurium blight. Phytopathology. 1999; 89:366-73p. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO.1999.89.5.366
  74. Yadav R, Ror P, Beniwal R, et al. Bacillus and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi consortia enhance wheat nutrient and yield in the second-year field trial: Superior performance in comparison with chemical fertilizers. J Appl Microbiol. 2022; 132:2203–19p. https://doi.org/10.1111/jam.15371
  75. Wilmowicz E, Kućko A, Bogati K, et Glomus sp. and Bacillus sp. strains mitigate the adverse effects of drought on maize (Zea mays L.). Front. Plant Sci. 2022; 13:983127. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.983127
  76. Xu Z, Pehlivan N, Ghorbani A, et Effects of Azorhizobium caulinodans and Piriformospora indica co-inoculation on growth and Fruit quality of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) under salt stress. Horticulturae. 2022; 8:302p. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8040302
  77. Begum N, Wang L, Ahmad H, et al. Co- inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and the plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria improve growth and photosynthesis in tobacco under drought stress by up-regulating antioxidant and mineral nutrition metabolism. Microb Ecol. 2022; 83:971– 988. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00248-021-01815-7
  78. Moradtalab N, Ahmed A, Geistlinger J, et Synergisms of microbial consortia, N forms, and micronutrients alleviate oxidative damage and stimulate hormonal cold stress adaptations in maize. Front. Plant Sci. 2020.11:e396p. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.00396
  79. Muthuraja R, Muthukumar T, Co-inoculation of halotolerant potassium solubilizing Bacillus licheniformis and Aspergillus violaceofuscus improves tomato growth and potassium uptake in different soil types under salinity. Chemosphere. 2022. 294:133718p. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2022.133718
  80. Karuppiah V, Sun J, Li T, et al. Co-cultivation of Trichoderma asperellum GDFS1009 and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens 1841 causes differential gene expression and improvement in the wheat growth and biocontrol Activity. Front Microbiol. 2019; 10:1068p. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.01068
  81. Singh S, Tripathi A, Chanotiya CS, et al. Cold stress alleviation using individual and combined inoculation of ACC deaminase producing microbes in Ocimum sanctum. Environ Sustain. 2020; 3:289–301p. https://doi.org/10.1007/S42398-020-00118-W
  82. Upamanya GK, Bhattacharyya A, Dutta Consortia of entomo-pathogenic fungi and bio-control agents improve the agro-ecological conditions for brinjal cultivation of Assam. Biotech. 2020; 10:1-19p. https://doi.org/10.1007/S13205-020- 02439-3
  83. Li M, Ren Y, He C, et Complementary effects of dark septate endophytes and Trichoderma strains on growth and active ingredient accumulation of Astragalus mongholicus under drought stress. J Fungi. 2022; 8:920-8p. https://doi.org/10.3390/JOF8090920
  84. Bo T, Kong C, Zou S, et al. Bacillus nematocida B16 enhanced the rhizosphere colonization of Pochonia chlamydosporia ZK7 and controlled the efficacy of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Microorganisms. 2022; 10:218p. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10020218
  85. Kaushal M, Devi S, Kumawat KC, et al. Microbial Consortium: A Boon for a Sustainable Agriculture. In: Parray JA, editor. Climate Change and Microbiome Climate Change Management. Springer: Cham; 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-21079-2_2
  86. Bashan, Y, de- Bashan LE, Prabhu SR, et Advances in plant growth promoting bacterial inoculant technology: formulations and practical perspectives (1998– 2013). Plant & Soil. 2014; 378:1– 33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s1110 4- 013- 1956- x
  87. Kumar D. Singh SK, Arya SK, Srivastava D, et al. Multifunctional growth- promoting microbial consortium-based biofertilizers and their techno- commercial feasibility for sustainable 167-208p. In: Javid A. Parray NS, Dilfuza E, Sayyed RZ, editors. Microbiome Research in Plants and Soil, Rhizobiome, Academic Press, 2023, Pages, ISBN 9780443160301, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-16030-1.00010-9.
  88. Aloo BN, Tripathi V, Makumba BA, et al. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacterial biofertilizers for crop production: The past, present, and Front Plant Sci. 2008; 13:1002448.doi: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1002448

Ahead of Print Subscription Review Article
Volume
Received July 3, 2024
Accepted July 14, 2024
Published July 20, 2024