International Journal of Machine Design and Manufacturing

Steganography hides the fact that a communication exists rather than merely safeguarding its content. Text is the most challenging of all steganographic media because it contains the least redundancy and is the most sensitive to changes. Devanagari script, with its conjunct consonants, ligatures, matras, and non-linear glyph construction, makes these difficulties even harder, rendering rendering-dependent and OCR- based steganographic methods largely ineffective.

Large Language Models can generate fluent, contextually appropriate text across a range of NLP tasks, but they frequently produce outputs that are factually wrong while sounding confident and plausible. This problem, referred to as hallucination, poses serious risks in domains where accuracy matters. We propose a post-processing framework that detects hallucinated responses by comparing them against verified reference text using sentence embeddings.

This paper offers a smarter system of automatic evaluation of descriptive responses in educational tests. The time-consuming aspect of testing with traditional manual marking, the subjectivity of that process, and the impossibility of scaling it makes it inapplicable, particularly to large academic environments. To resolve the issues, the proposed solution combines the methods of Natural Language Processing (NLP) and hybrid image-text processing on the responses of handwriting and typed answers.

Emile Habiby’s the Secret Life of Saeed: The Pessoptimist (1974) presents one of the most innovative and politically complex literary responses to the Palestinian Nakba and its enduring consequences. Through a distinctive fusion of satire, irony, absurdity, political allegory, and fragmented narration, Habiby departs from conventional representations of trauma and resistance. Rather than portraying Palestinian survival as a heroic or triumphant process of recovery, the novel presents survival as an unstable and deeply contradictory condition marked by psychological fragmentation, moral compromise, historical displacement, and persistent uncertainty. Saeed’s paradoxical identity as a “pessoptimist” embodies the dilemmas of Palestinians who remained within the borders of the newly established Israeli state and were compelled to negotiate systems of surveillance, coercion, and political domination.

The selection of suitable career has become very difficult and it's complexity is being increased day by day, due to advancement in technology and number of professional fields.

This study explores a simple and operative approach for developing stronger epoxy-based composite materials by incorporating halloysite nanotubes (HNTs).