Advancement and Limitations of Raman Spectroscopy: Review

Year : 2024 | Volume :15 | Issue : 02 | Page : 85-97
By

Ishvarchandra Parmar,

Himanshu Solanki,

Amar Shinde,

Urvee Prajapati,

Jaydatta Dhakane,

  1. Assistant Professor Department of Pharmaceutical chemistry, S.S.R. College of Pharmacy, S.S.R. Campus Daman & Diu India
  2. Associate Professor Department of Pharmaceutics, S.S.R. College of Pharmacy, S.S.R. Campus Daman & Diu India
  3. PG Scholar Department of Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance Daman & Diu India
  4. PG Scholar Department of Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance Daman & Diu India
  5. PG Scholar Department of Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance Daman & Diu India

Abstract

This review provides an overview of advances and limitations in Raman spectroscopy, a powerful analytical tool widely used across scientific disciplines. Instrumental advances, including the development of lasers, detectors, and optics, have increased the scope and scope of Raman spectroscopy. These advances have expanded its applications in fields such as information science and biology. The integration of Raman spectroscopy with additional technologies such as microscopy and artificial intelligence further expands analytical capabilities and enables more comprehensive analysis. In the biomedical field, the non-destructive nature of Raman spectroscopy has revolutionized disease diagnosis and drug analysis. However, despite these advances, limitations remain. Challenges such as fluorescence sampling, low signal-to-noise ratio, and spatial resolution limit the capabilities of these tools. Overcoming these limitations requires a collaborative effort that fosters innovation in measurement and data analysis techniques. Recognizing and resolving these issues is important to ensure the continued development and widespread use of Raman spectroscopy. The future of Raman spectroscopy lies not only in pushing the limits of its capabilities, but also in developing strategies that will reduce its limitations in science and business and promote a better understanding of complex processes.

Keywords: Raman spectroscopy, advancement, limitations, pharmaceutical analysis, advancement of SERS.

[This article belongs to Research & Reviews: A Journal of Pharmaceutical Science(rrjops)]

How to cite this article: Ishvarchandra Parmar, Himanshu Solanki, Amar Shinde, Urvee Prajapati, Jaydatta Dhakane. Advancement and Limitations of Raman Spectroscopy: Review. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Pharmaceutical Science. 2024; 15(02):85-97.
How to cite this URL: Ishvarchandra Parmar, Himanshu Solanki, Amar Shinde, Urvee Prajapati, Jaydatta Dhakane. Advancement and Limitations of Raman Spectroscopy: Review. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Pharmaceutical Science. 2024; 15(02):85-97. Available from: https://journals.stmjournals.com/rrjops/article=2024/view=156827

References

       1.Das RS, Agrawal YK. Raman spectroscopy: Recent advancements, techniques and applications. Vib Spectrosc. 2011 Nov                          1;57(2):163–76.

  1. Zini J, Kekkonen J, Kaikkonen VA, Laaksonen T, Keränen P, Talala T, et al. Drug diffusivities in nanofibrillar cellulose hydrogel by combined time-resolved Raman and fluorescence spectroscopy. Journal of Controlled Release. 2021 Jun 10;334:367–75.
  2. Wang W ting, Zhang H, Yuan Y, Guo Y, He S xin. Research Progress of Raman Spectroscopy in Drug Analysis. Vol. 19, AAPS PharmSciTech. Springer New York LLC; 2018. p. 2921–8.
  3. Butler HJ, Ashton L, Bird B, Cinque G, Curtis K, Dorney J, et al. Using Raman spectroscopy to characterize biological materials. Nat Protoc. 2016 Apr 1;11(4):664–87.
  4. Tanwar S, Paidi SK, Prasad R, Pandey R, Barman I. Advancing Raman spectroscopy from research to clinic: Translational potential and challenges. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. 2021 Nov 5;260:119957.
  5. Spectroscopy R, Rostron P. Corrosion flow loop design and build View project Balraj PhD View project. Article in International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research. 2016;(6):50.
  6. Shah KC, Shah MB, Solanki SJ, Makwana VD, Sureja DK, Gajjar AK, et al. Recent advancements and applications of Raman spectroscopy in pharmaceutical analysis. J Mol Struct. 2023 Apr 15;1278.
  7. Gala U, Chauhan H. Principles and applications of Raman spectroscopy in pharmaceutical drug discovery and development. Vol. 10, Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery. Informa Healthcare; 2015. p. 187–206.
  8. Cialla-May D, Schmitt M, Popp J. Theoretical principles of Raman spectroscopy. Vol. 4, Physical Sciences Reviews. De Gruyter; 2019.
  9. Bumbrah GS, Sharma RM. Raman spectroscopy – Basic principle, instrumentation and selected applications for the characterization of drugs of abuse. Vol. 6, Egyptian Journal of Forensic Sciences. Egyptian Forensic Medicine Authority; 2016. p. 209–15.
  10. Pence I, Mahadevan-Jansen A. Clinical instrumentation and applications of Raman spectroscopy. Vol. 45, Chemical Society Reviews. Royal Society of Chemistry; 2016. p. 1958–79.
  11. Gerrard DL, Bowley HJ. Instrumentation for Raman Spectroscopy.
  12. Carron K. Raman spectroscopy | instrumentation. In: Encyclopedia of Analytical Science. Elsevier; 2019. p. 46–57.
  13. Li Z, Deen MJ, Kumar S, Selvaganapathy PR. Raman spectroscopy for in-line water quality monitoring — Instrumentation and potential. Vol. 14, Sensors (Switzerland). MDPI AG; 2014. p. 17275–303.
  14. Coates J. Vibrational spectroscopy: Instrumentation for infrared and Raman spectroscopy. Appl Spectrosc Rev. 1998;33(4):267–425.
  15. Jean Dubessy: Marie-Camille Caumon; Fernando Rull; Shiv Sharma. Instrumentation in Raman spectroscopy: elementary theory and practice. 2012.
  16. Pence I, Mahadevan-Jansen A. Clinical instrumentation and applications of Raman spectroscopy. Chem Soc Rev [Internet]. 2016 Mar 3 [cited 2023 Dec 18];45(7):1958. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC4854574/
  17. Patel BD, Mehta PJ. An Overview: Application of Raman Spectroscopy in Pharmaceutical Field. Vol. 6, Current Pharmaceutical Analysis. 2010.
  18. Li L CXZTWQXPSCZL. Recent developments in Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy and its application in food analysis: Alcoholic beverages as an example. . 2022 Jul 21;
  19. Chen K, Ong YH, Yuen C, Liu Q. Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy for Intradermal Measurements. Imaging in Dermatology. 2016 Aug 19;141–54.
  20. Procházka M. Biological and Medical Physics, Biomedical Engineering Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Bioanalytical, Biomolecular and Medical Applications [Internet]. Available from: http://www.springer.com/series/3740
  21. Langer J, de Aberasturi DJ, Aizpurua J, Alvarez-Puebla RA, Auguié B, Baumberg JJ, et al. Present and future of surface-enhanced Raman scattering. Vol. 14, ACS Nano. American Chemical Society; 2020. p. 28–117.
  22. Fan M, Andrade GFS, Brolo AG. A review on recent advances in the applications of surface-enhanced Raman scattering in analytical chemistry. Vol. 1097, Analytica Chimica Acta. Elsevier B.V.; 2020. p. 1–29.
  23. Sur UK. Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Recent Advancement of Raman Spectroscopy.
  24. Nam W, Zhao Y, Song J, Ali Safiabadi Tali S, Kang S, Zhu W, et al. Plasmonic Electronic Raman Scattering as Internal Standard for Spatial and Temporal Calibration in Quantitative Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters. 2020 Nov 19;11(22):9543–51.
  25. Vo-Dinh T, Yan F, Wabuyele MB. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering for medical diagnostics and biological imaging. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy. 2005;36(6–7):640–7.
  26. Ouyang L, Ren W, Zhu L, Irudayaraj J. Prosperity to challenges: Recent approaches in SERS substrate fabrication. Rev Anal Chem. 2017 Mar 1;36(1).
  27. Vo-Dinh T, Stokes DL, Griffin GD, Volkan M, Kim UJ, Simon MI. Surface-enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) Method and Instrumentation for Genomics and Biomedical Analysis. Vol. 30. 1999.
  28. Lin XM, Cui Y, Xu YH, Ren B, Tian ZQ. Surface-enhanced raman spectroscopy: Substrate-related issues. Vol. 394, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 2009. p. 1729–45.
  29. Lombardi JR, Birke RL. A unified approach to surface-enhanced raman spectroscopy. Journal of Physical Chemistry C. 2008 Apr 10;112(14):5605–17.
  30. Stiles PL, Dieringer JA, Shah NC, Van Duyne RP. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Vol. 1, Annual Review of Analytical Chemistry. 2008. p. 601–26.
  31. Schlücker S. Surface-enhanced raman spectroscopy: Concepts and chemical applications. Vol. 53, Angewandte Chemie – International Edition. Wiley-VCH Verlag; 2014. p. 4756–95.
  32. Kneipp K, Wang Y, Kneipp H, Perelman LT, Itzkan I, Dasari RR, et al. Single Molecule Detection Using Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS). 1997.
  33. Qian XM, Nie SM. Single-molecule and single-nanoparticle SERS: From fundamental mechanisms to biomedical applications. Chem Soc Rev. 2008 Apr 29;37(5):912–20.
  34. Kumar N, Mignuzzi S, Su W, Roy D. Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy: principles and applications. EPJ Tech Instrum. 2015 Dec;2(1).
  35. Zhang Z, Sheng S, Wang R, Sun M. Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. Anal Chem. 2016 Oct 4;88(19):9328–46.
  36. Richards D, Milner RG, Huang F, Festy F. Tip-enhanced Raman microscopy: Practicalities and limitations. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy. 2003 Sep 1;34(9):663–7.
  37. Hayazawa N, Watanabe H, Saito Y, Kawata S. Towards atomic site-selective sensitivity in tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Journal of Chemical Physics. 2006;125(24).
  38. Sonntag MD, Pozzi EA, Jiang N, Hersam MC, Van Duyne RP. Recent advances in tip-enhanced raman spectroscopy. Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters. 2014 Sep 18;5(18):3125–30.
  39. Deckert-Gaudig T, Taguchi A, Kawata S, Deckert V. Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy-from early developments to recent advances. Vol. 46, Chemical Society Reviews. Royal Society of Chemistry; 2017. p. 4077–110.
  40. Verma P. Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy: Technique and Recent Advances. Vol. 117, Chemical Reviews. American Chemical Society; 2017. p. 6447–66.
  41. Wang X, Huang SC, Huang TX, Su HS, Zhong JH, Zeng ZC, et al. Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy for surfaces and interfaces. Vol. 46, Chemical Society Reviews. Royal Society of Chemistry; 2017. p. 4020–41.
  42. Shao F, Zenobi R. Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy: principles, practice, and applications to nanospectroscopic imaging of 2D materials. Vol. 411, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. Springer Verlag; 2019. p. 37–61.
  43. Huang TX, Huang SC, Li MH, Zeng ZC, Wang X, Ren B. Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy: Tip-related issues. Vol. 407, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. Springer Verlag; 2015. p. 8177–95.
  44. Miranda H, Rabelo C, Cançado LG, Vasconcelos TL, Oliveira BS, Schulz F, et al. Impact of substrate on tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy: A comparison between field-distribution simulations and graphene measurements. Phys Rev Res. 2020 Jun 29;2(2).
  45. Berweger S, Raschke MB. Signal limitations in tip-enhanced Raman scattering: The challenge to become a routine analytical technique. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2010;396(1):115–23.
  46. Prats-Mateu B, Gierlinger N. Tip in–light on: Advantages, challenges, and applications of combining AFM and Raman microscopy on biological samples. Vol. 80, Microscopy Research and Technique. Wiley-Liss Inc.; 2017. p. 30–40.
  47. Begley RF, Harvey AB, Byer RL. Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy. Appl Phys Lett. 1974;25(7):387–90.
  48. Roy S, Gord JR, Patnaik AK. Recent advances in coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering spectroscopy: Fundamental developments and applications in reacting flows. Vol. 36, Progress in Energy and Combustion Science. 2010. p. 280–306.
  49. Li S, Li Y, Yi R, Liu L, Qu J. Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering Microscopy and Its Applications. Vol. 8, Frontiers in Physics. Frontiers Media SA; 2020.
  50. Camp CH. Broadband Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering. In: Imaging in Dermatology. Elsevier Inc.; 2016. p. 155–68.
  51. Nandakumar P, Kovalev A, Volkmer A. Vibrational imaging Based on stimulated Raman scattering microscopy. New J Phys. 2009 Mar 25;11.
  52. Krafft C, Popp J. The many facets of Raman spectroscopy for biomedical analysis. Vol. 407, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. Springer Verlag; 2015. p. 699–717.
  53. Le TT, Yue S, Cheng JX. Shedding new light on lipid biology with coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy. Vol. 51, Journal of Lipid Research. 2010. p. 3091–102.
  54. Parekh SH, Lee YJ, Aamer KA, Cicerone MT. Label-free cellular imaging by Broadband coherent anti-stokes raman scattering microscopy. Biophys J. 2010 Oct 20;99(8):2695–704.
  55. Djaker N, Lenne PF, Marguet D, Colonna A, Hadjur C, Rigneault H. Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy (CARS): Instrumentation and applications. Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res A. 2007 Feb 1;571(1-2 SPEC. ISS.):177–81.
  56. Cheng JX, Xie XS. Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy: Instrumentation, theory, and applications. Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 2004 Jan 22;108(3):827–40.
  57. Kee TW, Cicerone MT. Simple approach to one-laser, broadband coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy [Internet]. Vol. 29, OPTICS LETTERS. 2004. Available from: http://www.chemistry.ohio-state.edu/
  58. Nibler JW, Knighten G V. 7. Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Spectroscopy.
  59. Tu H, Boppart SA. Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy: Overcoming technical barriers for clinical translation. Vol. 7, Journal of Biophotonics. Wiley-VCH Verlag; 2014. p. 9–22.
  60. Crichton RR, Louro RO. Other Spectroscopic Methods for Probing Metal Centres in Biological Systems. Practical Approaches to Biological Inorganic Chemistry. 2013 Jan 15;161–77.
  61. Solomon EI, Ginsbach JW, Kroll T, Liu L V., Pierce EM, Qayyum MF. Spectroscopic Methods for Understanding Metals in Proteins. In: Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry II (Second Edition): From Elements to Applications. Elsevier Ltd; 2013. p. 595–622.
  62. Czernuszewicz RS, Zaczek MB. Resonance R aman Spectroscopy. In: Encyclopedia of Inorganic and Bioinorganic Chemistry [Internet]. Wiley; 2011. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781119951438.eibc0303
  63. Morris MD, Wanan DJ. Resonance q ,++Y .?!
  64. Browne WR. Resonance raman spectroscopy and its application in bioinorganic chemistry. In: Practical Approaches to Biological Inorganic Chemistry. Elsevier; 2019. p. 275–324.
  65. Efremov E V., Ariese F, Gooijer C. Achievements in resonance Raman spectroscopy. Review of a technique with a distinct analytical chemistry potential. Vol. 606, Analytica Chimica Acta. 2008. p. 119–34.
  66. Clark RJH, Dines TJ. Resonance Raman Spectroscopy, and Its Application to Inorganic Chemistry.
  67. Artemyev D, Kukushkin V, Shavaeva R, Murashko A, Sharapova O, Zuev V, et al. The study of methods of spontaneous and resonance Raman spectroscopy of blood plasma for the rapid diagnosis of preeclampsia. In: Proceedings of ITNT 2020 – 6th IEEE International Conference on Information Technology and Nanotechnology. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.; 2020.
  68. Asher SA. UV Resonance Raman Spectroscopy for Analytical, Physical, and Biophysical Chemistry Part 2.
  69. Kim BH, Kim D, Song S, Park D, Kang IS, Jeong DH, et al. Identification of metalloporphyrins with high sensitivity using graphene-enhanced resonance raman scattering. Langmuir. 2014 Mar 18;30(10):2960–7.
  70. Xie L, Ling X, Fang Y, Zhang J, Liu Z. Graphene as a substrate to suppress fluorescence in resonance raman spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc. 2009 Jul 29;131(29):9890–1.
  71. Macernis M, Sulskus J, Malickaja S, Robert B, Valkunas L. Resonance raman spectra and electronic transitions in carotenoids: A density functional theory study. Journal of Physical Chemistry A. 2014 Mar 13;118(10):1817–25.
  72. Moore BD, Stevenson L, Watt A, Flitsch S, Turner NJ, Cassidy C, et al. Rapid and ultra-sensitive determination of enzyme activities using surface-enhanced resonance Raman scattering. Nat Biotechnol. 2004 Sep;22(9):1133–8.
  73. Spiro TG, Stein P. RESONANCE EFFECTS IN VIBRATIONAL SCATTERING FROM COMPLEX MOLECULES [Internet]. Vol. 28, Ann. Ret;. Ph.-s. Chem. 1977. Available from: www.annualreviews.org
  74. Mosca S, Conti C, Stone N, Matousek P. Spatially offset Raman spectroscopy. Vol. 1, Nature Reviews Methods Primers. Springer Nature; 2021.
  75. Parker AW. Spatially offset raman spectroscopy. Encyclopedia of Spectroscopy and Spectrometry. 2016 Jan 1;143–8.
  76. Wu L, Tang X, Wu T, Zeng W, Zhu X, Hu B, et al. A review on current progress of Raman-based techniques in food safety: From normal Raman spectroscopy to SESORS. Food Research International. 2023 Jul 1;169:112944.
  77. Maskall GT, Bonthron S, Crawford D. Spatially offset Raman spectroscopy for explosives detection through difficult (opaque) containers. In: Optics and Photonics for Counterterrorism, Crime Fighting and Defence IX; and Optical Materials and Biomaterials in Security and Defence Systems Technology X. SPIE; 2013. p. 890104.
  78. Nicolson F, Andreiuk B, Andreou C, Hsu HT, Rudder S, Kircher MF. Non-invasive In Vivo Imaging of Cancer Using Surface-Enhanced Spatially Offset Raman Spectroscopy (SESORS). Theranostics [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2023 Dec 2];9(20):5899. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC6735365/
  79. Ma K, Yuen JM, Shah NC, Walsh JT, Glucksberg MR, Van Duyne RP. In vivo, transcutaneous glucose sensing using surface-enhanced spatially offset raman spectroscopy: Multiple rats, improved hypoglycemic accuracy, low incident power, and continuous monitoring for greater than 17 days. Anal Chem. 2011 Dec 1;83(23):9146–52.
  80. Macleod NA, Goodship A, Parker AW, Matousek P. Prediction of sublayer depth in turbid media using spatially offset Raman spectroscopy. Anal Chem. 2008 Nov 1;80(21):8146–52.
  81. Conti C, Botteon A, Colombo C, Realini M, Matousek P. Fluorescence suppression using micro-scale spatially offset Raman spectroscopy. Analyst. 2016 Sep 21;141(18):5374–81.
  82. Iping Petterson IE, Esmonde-White FWL, De Wilde W, Morris MD, Ariese F. Tissue phantoms to compare spatial and temporal offset modes of deep Raman spectroscopy. Analyst. 2015 Apr 7;140(7):2504–12.
  83. Keller MD, Vargis E, de Matos Granja N, Wilson RH, Mycek MA, Kelley MC, et al. Development of a spatially offset Raman spectroscopy probe for breast tumor surgical margin evaluation. J Biomed Opt. 2011;16(7):077006.
  84. Aina A, Hargreaves MD, Matousek P, Burley JC. Transmission Raman spectroscopy as a tool for quantifying polymorphic content of pharmaceutical formulations. Analyst. 2010;135(9):2328–33.
  85. Hargreaves MD, Macleod NA, Smith MR, Andrews D, Hammond S V., Matousek P. Characterisation of transmission Raman spectroscopy for rapid quantitative analysis of intact multi-component pharmaceutical capsules. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2011 Feb 20;54(3):463–8.
  86. Buckley K, Matousek P. Recent advances in the application of transmission Raman spectroscopy to pharmaceutical analysis. Vol. 55, Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 2011. p. 645–52.
  87. Stone N, Matousek P. Advanced transmission Raman spectroscopy: A promising tool for breast disease diagnosis. Cancer Res. 2008 Jun 1;68(11):4424–30.
  88. Zhang Y, Chen R, Liu F, Miao P, Lin L, Ye J. In Vivo Surface-Enhanced Transmission Raman Spectroscopy under Maximum Permissible Exposure: Toward Photosafe Detection of Deep-Seated Tumors. Small Methods [Internet]. 2023 Feb 1 [cited 2023 Dec 11];7(2):2201334. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/smtd.202201334
  89. Pelletier MJ. Sensitivity-Enhanced Transmission Raman Spectroscopy. Applied Spectroscopy, Vol 67, Issue 8, pp 829-840 [Internet]. 2013 Aug 1 [cited 2023 Dec 11];67(8):829–40. Available from: https://opg.optica.org/abstract.cfm?uri=as-67-8-829
  90. Littlejohn D, Matousek P, Everall N, Nordon A, Bloomfield M. Dependence of Signal on Depth in Transmission Raman Spectroscopy. Applied Spectroscopy, Vol 65, Issue 7, pp 724-733 [Internet]. 2011 Jul 1 [cited 2023 Dec 11];65(7):724–33. Available from: https://opg.optica.org/abstract.cfm?uri=as-65-7-724
  91. Griffen JA, Owen AW, Matousek P. Development of Transmission Raman Spectroscopy towards the in line, high throughput and non-destructive quantitative analysis of pharmaceutical solid oral dose. Analyst. 2015 Jan 7;140(1):107–12.
  92. Kagan MR, McCreery RL. ) Van Duyne, R. P. In Chemical and Biological Applications of Lasers. Vol. 66, Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. Pemberton; 1994.
  93. Dallin P, Owen H, Priestnall I, Andrews J, Lewis I, Davis K, et al. Measurement of Spatial Resolution and Sensitivity in Transmission and Backscattering Raman Spectroscopy of Opaque Samples: Impact on Pharmaceutical Quality Control and Raman Tomography. Applied Spectroscopy, Vol 64, Issue 5, pp 476-484 [Internet]. 2010 May 1 [cited 2023 Dec 12];64(5):476–84. Available from: https://opg.optica.org/abstract.cfm?uri=as-64-5-476
  94. Littlejohn D, Matousek P, Everall N, Nordon A, Bloomfield M. Dependence of Signal on Depth in Transmission Raman Spectroscopy. Applied Spectroscopy, Vol 65, Issue 7, pp 724-733 [Internet]. 2011 Jul 1 [cited 2023 Dec 12];65(7):724–33. Available from: https://opg.optica.org/abstract.cfm?uri=as-65-7-724
Regular Issue Subscription Review Article
Volume 15
Issue 02
Received May 27, 2024
Accepted June 10, 2024
Published July 19, 2024
Views: 31