Development of a Low-Cost Autonomous Robot for Obstacle Avoidance Using Ultrasonic Sensing

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This is an unedited manuscript accepted for publication and provided as an Article in Press for early access at the author’s request. The article will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and galley proof review before final publication. Please be aware that errors may be identified during production that could affect the content. All legal disclaimers of the journal apply.

Year : 2025 | Volume : 12 | 03 | Page :
    By

    Anuja S. Pawar,

  • Kirti S. Pujari,

  • Prachi S. Pawar,

  • Prof. R.G. Ghodake,

  1. Student, Electronics & Telecommunication, SKN Sinhgad College of Engineering, Pandharpur., Maharashtra, India
  2. Student, Electronics & Telecommunication, SKN Sinhgad College of Engineering, Pandharpur., Maharashtra, India
  3. Student, Electronics & Telecommunication, SKN Sinhgad College of Engineering, Pandharpur., Maharashtra, India
  4. Assistant Professor, Electronics & Telecommunication, SKN Sinhgad College of Engineering, Pandharpur., Maharashtra, India

Abstract

In the evolving landscape of automation, autonomous mobile robots are becoming critical for performing tasks with minimal human intervention. This project presents the design and development of a cost-effective, small-scale obstacle-avoiding robot using an Arduino microcontroller and an ultrasonic sensor. The robot operates by scanning its surroundings, identifying nearby obstacles, and navigating by altering its path in real-time. Through intelligent programming and sensor integration, the system achieves smooth, collision-free movement. This work highlights a practical application of embedded systems and serves as a foundational step for advancing autonomous navigation research. The robot operates by continuously scanning its surroundings with the ultrasonic sensor, which measures the distance to nearby objects by sending and receiving sound waves. When an object is detected within a predetermined threshold distance, the robot automatically stops, makes a quick decision to turn either left or right, and then proceeds forward again once the path is clear. This behaviour ensures smooth, collision-free movement without the need for remote control or manual supervision. The robot’s logic is implemented through simple yet effective programming on the Arduino platform, providing a clear example of real-time sensor processing, motor control, and reactive decision-making in embedded systems. Throughout this project, careful attention was given to the selection and integration of hardware components, the design of the control algorithm, and the assembly of a stable mechanical structure. We also documented the challenges encountered, such as sensor inaccuracies, motor performance issues due to battery limitations, and occasional difficulties in obstacle detection under certain environmental conditions. Additionally, extensive testing was conducted in a variety of scenarios involving different obstacle types and arrangements to evaluate the robot’s performance, reliability, and limitations. Beyond just building a working prototype, this project serves as a foundational step for exploring more advanced topics in robotics, such as path planning, simultaneous-0 localization and mapping (SLAM), and artificial intelligence-driven navigation. Future enhancements could involve adding multiple sensors for better environmental awareness, implementing more sophisticated algorithms for decision-making, and improving power management for longer operational life. Ultimately, this project highlights how fundamental concepts in robotics and embedded systems can be taught, explored, and expanded upon using accessible technology, encouraging further innovation and learning in the field of autonomous mobile robots. Development of a Low-Cost Autonomous Robot for Obstacle Avoidance Using Ultrasonic Sensing.

Keywords: Ultrasonic Sensor, DC Motor, Arduino Uno R3, Servo Motor

How to cite this article:
Anuja S. Pawar, Kirti S. Pujari, Prachi S. Pawar, Prof. R.G. Ghodake. Development of a Low-Cost Autonomous Robot for Obstacle Avoidance Using Ultrasonic Sensing. Journal of Advancements in Robotics. 2025; 12(03):-.
How to cite this URL:
Anuja S. Pawar, Kirti S. Pujari, Prachi S. Pawar, Prof. R.G. Ghodake. Development of a Low-Cost Autonomous Robot for Obstacle Avoidance Using Ultrasonic Sensing. Journal of Advancements in Robotics. 2025; 12(03):-. Available from: https://journals.stmjournals.com/joarb/article=2025/view=228459


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Ahead of Print Subscription Original Research
Volume 12
03
Received 28/06/2025
Accepted 21/07/2025
Published 30/09/2025
Publication Time 94 Days
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