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nThis is an unedited manuscript accepted for publication and provided as an Article in Press for early access at the author’s request. The article will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and galley proof review before final publication. Please be aware that errors may be identified during production that could affect the content. All legal disclaimers of the journal apply.n

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Year : 2025 [if 2224 equals=””]01/09/2025 at 9:33 PM[/if 2224] | [if 1553 equals=””] Volume : 16 [else] Volume : [/if 1553] | [if 424 equals=”Regular Issue”]Issue : [/if 424][if 424 equals=”Special Issue”]Special Issue[/if 424] [if 424 equals=”Conference”][/if 424] 03 | Page :

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Lovish Sharma, Ankur Thakur, Komal Pathania,

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Assistant professor, Assistant professor, Assistant professor, Department of Pharmacy, Chitkara University School of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Department of Pharmacy, Chitkara University School of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Department of Pharmacy, Chitkara University School of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Himachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, India, India, India

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Abstract

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nThe integration of phytoconstituents with carbon dots (C-dots) presents a novel and sustainable approach to the development of nanotherapeutics for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). C-dots, zero-dimensional carbon-based nanomaterials, exhibit unique physicochemical properties including high fluorescence, tunable surface chemistry, biocompatibility, and low toxicity. Their ability to enhance the solubility, bioavailability, and targeted delivery of poorly soluble phytochemicals renders them highly suitable for biomedical applications. This study explores the synthesis of C-dots from phyto-derived waste materials via top-down and bottom-up approaches, including hydrothermal, microwave-assisted, and thermal decomposition methods. It further examines the methodologies for phytoconstituent loading—such as in-situ incorporation, post-synthesis adsorption, chemical conjugation, and encapsulation—highlighting their influence on therapeutic efficacy and release profiles. Functionalization with bioactive plant-derived compounds (e.g., curcumin, berberine, quercetin) enhances the anti-diabetic potential of C-dots by modulating oxidative stress, improving insulin sensitivity, and regulating glycemic indices. Recent advancements, including zinc-doped and enzyme-functionalized C-dots, have demonstrated enhanced wound healing and oral insulin delivery, expanding their utility beyond glycemic control. The theranostic capabilities of these nanostructures enable simultaneous diagnosis and treatment, positioning phytoconstituent-loaded C-dots as a versatile platform in diabetes management. Despite promising preclinical evidence, challenges such as reproducibility, pharmacokinetic profiling, and regulatory approval persist. This review underscores the need for standardized synthesis protocols and comprehensive in vivo validation to facilitate clinical translation. Ultimately, phytoconstituent-loaded C-dots offer a green, cost-effective, and efficacious alternative to conventional anti-diabetic therapies with reduced systemic toxicity.nn

Keywords: Diabetes, Carbon-dots, Phytochemicals, Nanotechnology, formulation

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nLovish Sharma, Ankur Thakur, Komal Pathania. [if 2584 equals=”][226 wpautop=0 striphtml=1][else]Exploring Type-II Diabetes Potential of Phyto-Derived Carbon Dots[/if 2584]. Research and Reviews: A Journal of Pharmaceutical Science. 01/09/2025; 16(03):-.

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nLovish Sharma, Ankur Thakur, Komal Pathania. [if 2584 equals=”][226 striphtml=1][else]Exploring Type-II Diabetes Potential of Phyto-Derived Carbon Dots[/if 2584]. Research and Reviews: A Journal of Pharmaceutical Science. 01/09/2025; 16(03):-. Available from: https://journals.stmjournals.com/rrjops/article=01/09/2025/view=0

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.37591/RRJoPS.v16i03.0

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Research and Reviews: A Journal of Pharmaceutical Science

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Volume	16
[if 424 equals=”Regular Issue”]Issue[/if 424][if 424 equals=”Special Issue”]Special Issue[/if 424] [if 424 equals=”Conference”][/if 424]	03
Received	25/06/2025
Accepted	28/08/2025
Published		01/09/2025
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Publication Time	68 Days

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Exploring Type-II Diabetes Potential of Phyto-Derived Carbon Dots