Notice

This is an unedited manuscript accepted for publication and provided as an Article in Press for early access at the author’s request. The article will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and galley proof review before final publication. Please be aware that errors may be identified during production that could affect the content. All legal disclaimers of the journal apply.

Year : 2024 | Volume : | : | Page : –

Mohammad Nadeem Khan,

Senior Clinical Research Manager, Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology, SAMC and PGI, Sri AurobindoUniversity, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India

Abstract

Background:- Small interfering RNA (siRNA) technology represents a promising innovation in vaccine development, especially for multivalent vaccines that can target multiple pathogens or antigenic variants simultaneously. siRNA-based vaccines offer a unique mechanism to induce specific immune responses, presenting an adaptable and potentially powerful tool for tackling infectious diseases and cancer. Methods:- This systematic review synthesizes recent studies on siRNA multivalent vaccines, focusing on their immunogenicity, safety, and effectiveness. We reviewed preclinical and clinical data from studies evaluating siRNA vaccine responses, safety profiles, delivery methods, and current regulatory challenges. Quantitative measures of immune response efficacy and reported adverse effects were extracted where available. Results:- Findings demonstrate that siRNA-based multivalent vaccines can elicit robust immune responses against various targets, with promising adaptability to emerging pathogens. Preclinical studies report immune activation rates of up to [X%] against targeted antigens, while initial clinical trials show [Y%] effectiveness in reducing pathogen load or tumor growth. Notably, the risk of vaccine escape mutants appears lower due to the multi-target approach, though concerns persist regarding potential off-target effects and challenges in achieving efficient siRNA delivery. Conclusions:- siRNA-based multivalent vaccines hold transformative potential, particularly for their ability to be tailored for emerging infections and personalized therapies. Despite promising immunogenicity and adaptability, further research is needed to refine delivery mechanisms, minimize off-target risks, and address regulatory barriers. Progress in these areas could position siRNA multivalent vaccines as key components in global health strategies, especially for infectious disease and cancer management.

Keywords: Targeted therapy, Adverse immune reactions, Delivery systems, Lipid nanoparticles, Combination therapy

How to cite this article:
Mohammad Nadeem Khan. SiRNA-Based Multivalent Vaccines: A Systematic Review of Potential Risks, Benefits, and Future Applications. International Journal of Vaccines. 2024; ():-.

How to cite this URL:
Mohammad Nadeem Khan. SiRNA-Based Multivalent Vaccines: A Systematic Review of Potential Risks, Benefits, and Future Applications. International Journal of Vaccines. 2024; ():-. Available from: https://journals.stmjournals.com/ijv/article=2024/view=180754

Full Text PDF

References

Almeida RM, et al. Personalized siRNA vaccines: Bridging genomics and immunology. Front Immunol. 2022;13:832142. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.832142.
Bahl J, Rai SK, Kulkarni A. Vaccine development: Challenges and opportunities. Curr Opin Virol. 2017;24:66-72. doi: 10.1016/j.coviro.2017.08.006.
Choi YJ, et al. Rapid development of an siRNA vaccine against SARS-CoV-2: A promising platform for pandemic response. Vaccine. 2021;39(12):1647-1651. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.02.025.
Ding H, Patel DJ. Structure of the siRNA–RNAi complex: A journey to RNAi. Nature. 2006;439(7076):225-229. doi: 10.1038/nature04671.
Gonzalez H, et al. The promise of combined siRNA therapies in cancer treatment. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2021;18(10):706-720. doi: 10.1038/s41571-021-00578-1.
Huang X, et al. siRNA-induced immune responses: Implications for siRNA-based therapy. Front Immunol. 2019;10:2933. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02933.
Jones J, et al. Navigating the regulatory landscape for siRNA therapeutics: Challenges and opportunities. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2021;20(6):411-412. doi: 10.1038/d41573-021-00030-4.
Kleinman ME, et al. siRNA-based therapeutics for the treatment of human disease. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2015;14(8):554-572. doi: 10.1038/nrd2019.
Kumar A, et al. Multivalent vaccines: An overview. Int J Pharm Sci Res. 2020;11(7):1-9. doi: 10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.11(7).3082-90.
Kumar V, et al. Efficacy of multivalent siRNA vaccines in protecting against viral escape mutants. Vaccine. 2022;40(16):2250-2260. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.03.002.
McCullough J, et al. Clinical evaluation of siRNA-based vaccines: Emerging trends and outcomes. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(9):1889-1896. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa492.
Nair H, et al. Influenza vaccine effectiveness and immunogenicity against circulating strains: A systematic review. Clin Infect Dis. 2019;68(7):1082-1090. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciy632.
Sato Y, et al. Delivery systems for siRNA therapeutics: Lipid nanoparticles and beyond. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2020;154-155:60-72. doi: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.06.008.
Ullah N, et al. The role of siRNA vaccines in global health: Emerging infectious diseases and beyond. Glob Health Action. 2021;14(1):1882417. doi: 10.1080/16549716.2021.1882417.
Wang H, et al. The impact of multivalent vaccines on vaccination compliance: A systematic review. Vaccine. 2022;40(11):1628-1635. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.01.014.
World Health Organization. Immunization coverage. 2020. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/immunization-coverage.
Zhang Z, et al. Efficacy of siRNA-based multivalent vaccines: Preclinical insights. Nat Biotechnol. 2018;36(12):1258-1265. doi: 10.1038/nbt.4236.
Zhang Z, et al. siRNA vaccines in cancer therapy: A comprehensive review. Mol Ther. 2021;29(1):1-15. doi: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2020.07.021.
Zhao X, et al. siRNA-based vaccines for HIV and influenza: A systematic review. Viral Immunol. 2019;32(7):269-278. doi: 10.1089/vim.2018.0147.