Extraction of Copper from Electronic Waste (E-Waste): A Review

Year : 2024 | Volume :14 | Issue : 01 | Page : –
By

Siddhartha Sankar Boxi

Kuntal Choudhury

Soumya Purkayastha

  1. Assistant Professor Haldia Institute of Technology, Haldia West Bengal, India
  2. UG Student Haldia Institute of Technology, Haldia West Bengal, India
  3. UG Student 3Soumya Purkayastha West Bengal, India

Abstract

The issue of electronic waste, or e-waste, is indeed a significant global concern with far-reaching environmental and health implications. As technology continues to advance and become more integrated into our daily lives, the disposal of obsolete or broken electronic devices has become a pressing issue. This waste not only contains valuable metals but also toxic substances, posing significant challenges for disposal and management. Improper disposal of e-waste is a significant contributor to environmental pollution. When e-waste is incinerated or exposed to heat, toxic chemicals are released into the air, contributing to air pollution and potentially harmful health effects for nearby communities. Moreover, when e-waste is disposed of in landfills, it can lead to the leaching of hazardous compounds into the soil and groundwater, thereby contaminating the environment and posing risks to ecosystems and human health. The toxic metals found in e-waste, including mercury, lead, cadmium, and arsenic, can result in severe health repercussions for individuals exposed to them. Long-term exposure to these substances can lead to neurological damage, developmental disorders, respiratory issues, and various other health problems. Electronic devices contain valuable resources, including gold, silver, copper, and platinum. Inadequate management of e-waste leads to the squandering of these valuable resources, exacerbating resource depletion and necessitating more extensive mining endeavors to fulfill demand. Despite the challenges posed by e-waste, there are also opportunities for economic growth and resource recovery. Implementing efficient e-waste management practices, such as recycling and recovery of valuable materials, can create new economic opportunities while mitigating environmental and health risks. Harnessing valuable metals from e-waste through recycling presents a promising strategy to alleviate the environmental repercussions of electronic waste. Various methods, including mechanical processing, pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy, and bioleaching, can be employed to extract valuable metals from e-waste while minimizing environmental pollution. Tackling the challenges presented by e-waste demands a comprehensive strategy encompassing technological innovation, policy interventions, public awareness initiatives, and collaborative endeavors among diverse stakeholders. By implementing sustainable e-waste management practices, we can mitigate environmental pollution, protect human health, and harness the economic potential of recycling and resource recovery.

Keywords: E-waste, Copper Recovery, Extraction, Mechanical Processing, Pyrometallurgical Processing.

[This article belongs to Journal of Materials & Metallurgical Engineering(jomme)]

How to cite this article: Siddhartha Sankar Boxi, Kuntal Choudhury, Soumya Purkayastha. Extraction of Copper from Electronic Waste (E-Waste): A Review. Journal of Materials & Metallurgical Engineering. 2024; 14(01):-.
How to cite this URL: Siddhartha Sankar Boxi, Kuntal Choudhury, Soumya Purkayastha. Extraction of Copper from Electronic Waste (E-Waste): A Review. Journal of Materials & Metallurgical Engineering. 2024; 14(01):-. Available from: https://journals.stmjournals.com/jomme/article=2024/view=151441

References

[1] Widmer R, Krapf H, Khetriwal D, Schnellmann M, Boni H. Global perspectives on e-waste. Environmental Impact Assessment Review 2005; 25:436-458.

[2] Adrian S, Drisse M, Cheng Y, Devia L, Deubzer O, Goldizen J, Heart S, Honda S, Lattoni G, Jingwei W, Jinhui L, Khetriwal D, Linnel J, Magalini F, Nnororm I, Onianwa P, Ott D, Ramola A, Silva U, Stillhart R, Tillekeratne D, Straalen V, Wanger M, Yamamoto T, Zeng X. The Global E-waste Monitor; 2020.

[3] Balde, Wang C, Kuehr F, Huisman R. The Global E-waste Monitor – 2014, United Nations University, IAS – SCYCLE, Bonn, Germany.

[4] Akram R, Natasha, Fahad S, Hashmi M, Wahid A, Adnan M, Mubeen M, Khan N, Rehamani M, Awais M, Abbas M, Shahzad K, Ahmad S, Hammad H, Nasim W. Trends of electronic waste pollution and its impact on the global environment and ecosystem. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2019.

[5] Perkins D, BS, Drisse M, MS, Nxele T, Sly P, MD. E-Waste: A Global Hazard. Annals of Global Health 2014;80:286-295.

[6] Frazzoli C, Orisakwe O, Dragone R, Mantovani A. Diagnostic health risk assessment of electronic waste on the general population in developing countries scenarios. Environmental Impact Assessment Review 2010; 30:388-399.

[7] Xavier L, Giese E, Duthie A. Sustainibility and the circular economy: A theoretical approach focused on e-waste urban mining. Resources Policy 2021; 74:101467.

[8] Robinson B. E-waste: An assessment of global production and environmental impacts. Science of the Total Environment 2009; 408:183-191.

[9] Han Y, Yi X, Wang R, Huang J, Chen M, Sun Z, Sun S, Shu J. Copper extraction from waste printed circuit boards by glycine. Separation and Purification Technology 2020; 253:117463.

[10] Cui J, Forssberg E. Mechanical recycling of waste electric and electronic equipment: a review. Journal of Hazardous Materials 2003; B99:243-263.

[11] Separaçao U, Concentraçao Provenientes M, Impresso S. Use of Gravity Separation in Metals Concentration from Printed Circuit Board Scraps. Ouro Preto 2014; 67:73-79.

[12] Dascalescu L, Zeghloul T, Luga A.Electrostatic Separation of Metals and Plastics From Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment. WEEE Recycling 2016; 4:75-106.

[13] Zhu X, Nie C, Wang S, Xie Y, Zhang H. Cleaner approach to the recycling of metals in waste printed circuit boards by magnetic and gravity separation. Journal of Cleaner Production 2020; 248:119235.

[14] Wang H, Zhang S, Li B, Pan D, Wu Y, Zuo T. Recovery of waste printed circuit boards through pyrometallurgical processing: A review. Resources, Conservation & Recycling 2017; 126:209-218.

[15] Le H, Jeong J, Lee J, Banshi D, Pandey, Yoo J, Huyunh T. Hydrometallurgical Process for Copper Recovery from Waste Printed Circuit Boards(PCBs). Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review: An International Journal 2013; 32:2:90-104.

[16] Isildar A, Vossenberg J, Rene E, Hullebusch E, Lens P. Two step bioleaching of copper and gold from discarded printed circuit boards(PCB). Waste Management 2015; 57:149-157.

[17] Delira R, Martinez M, Martinez MJ. Microorganisms and Plants in the Recovery of metals from the Printed Circuit Boards of Computers and Cell Phones: A Mini Review. Metals 2020; 10(9):1120.

[18] Fornalczyk A, Wilner J, Francuz K, Cebulski J. E-waste as a source of valuable metals. Archives of Materials Science and Engineering 2013; 63:87-92.

[19] Bui T, Jeon S, Lee Y. Facile recovery of gold from e-waste by integrating chlorate leaching and selective adsorption using chitosan based bioadsorbent. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 2021; 9:104661.

[20] Bindschedler S, Bouquet T, Job D, Joseph E, Junier P. Fungal Biorecovery of Gold from E-waste. Advances in Applied Microbiology 2017; 99:53-81.

[21] Elshehy, E. A., Shenashen, M. A., Abd El-Magied, M. O., Tolan, D. A., El-Nahas, A. M., Halada, K., El-Safty, S. A. (2017). Selective Recovery of Silver(I) Ions from E-Waste using Cubically Multithiolated Cage Mesoporous Monoliths. European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry 2017;41:4823–4833.

[22] Popescu A, Soare V, Demidenko O, Moreno J, Neacsu E, Donath C, Burada M, Constantin I, Constatin V. Recovery of Silver and Gold From Electronic Waste by Electrodeposition in Ethaline Ionic Liquid. REV .CHIM.(Bucharest) 2020; 71:122-132.

[23] Parajuli D, Khunathai K, Adhikari C, Inoue K, Ohto K, Kawakita H, Funaoka M, Hirota K. Total recovery of gold, palladium and platinium using lignophenol derivative. Minerals Engineering, 2009; 22:1173-1178.

[24] Hasegawa, H., Barua, S., Wakabayashi, T., Mashio, A., Maki, T., Furusho, Y., & Rahman, I. M. M.. Selective recovery of gold, palladium, or platinum from acidic waste solution. Microchemical Journal 2018; 139:174–180.

[25] Ballesteros G, Garcia J, Alvarez A, Romero M, Zamudio F, Durazo A. Base Metals Extraction from Printed Circuit Boards by Pressure Acid Leaching. Minerals 2023;13, 98:1-12.

[26] Choubey P. Panda R, Jha M, Lee J, Pathak D. Recovery of copper and recycling of acid from the leach liquor of discarded Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs). Separation and Purification Technology 2015; 156:269-275.

[27] Ruan, J., Dong, L., Zheng, J., Zhang, T., Huang, M., & Xu, Z. Key factors of eddy current separation for recovering aluminum from crushed e-waste. Waste Management 2016; 60:84–90.

[28] Ashiq A, Kulkarni J, Vithange M. Hydrometallurgical Recovery of Metals from E-waste.

[29] Wilner J, Fornalczyk A. Extraction of Metals from Electronic Waste by Bacterial Leaching. Environment Protection Engineering 2013; 39:197-208.

[30] Andrade L, Carvalho M, Caldas M, Espinosa D, Tenorio J. Recovery of Copper and Silver of Printed Circuit Boards from Obsolete Computers by One-Step Acid Leaching. Detritus 2021;14:86-91.

[31] Castro L, Martins A. Recovery of tin and copper by recycling of printed circuit boards from obsolete computers. Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering 2009; 26:649-657.

[32] Hossain M, Yahaya A, Yacob L, Rahim M, Yosof N, Bachmann R. Selective recovery of Copper from waste mobile phone printed circuit boards using Sulphuric acid leaching. Materials Today: Proceedings 2018; 5:21698-21702.

[33] Annamalai M, Gurumurthy K. Enhanced bioleaching of copper from circuit boards of computer waste by Acidithiobacillus ferroxidans. Environmental Chemistry Letters 2019, doi.org/10.1007/s10311-019-00911-y.

[34] Gonzalez N, Ramirez P, Tallafigo J, Garcia A, Mazuelos A, Romero R, Carranza F. Copper recovery from unground printed circuit board by biogenic ferric at high solid/liquid ratio. Minerals Engineering 2022; 180:107471.

[35] Birloga I, Michelis I, Ferella F, Buzatu M, Veglio F. Study on the influence of various factors in the hydrometallurgical processing of waste printed circuit boards for copper and gold recovery: Waste Management 2013; 33:935-941.

[36] Benzal E, Cano A, Sole M, Lao C, Gamisans X, Dorado A. Copper Recovery from PCBs by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans: Toxicity of bioleached metals on biological activity. Waste and Biomass Valorization 2020; 5483-5492.

[37] Kamberovic Z, Korac M, Ranitovic M. Hydrometallurgical process for Extraction of Metals from Electronic Waste-Part II: Development of The Processes for the Recovery of Copper from Printed Circuit Boards (PCB). Metalurgija-MJoM 2011; 17:139-149.

[38] Kumar M, Lee J, Kim M, Jeong J, Yoo K. Leaching of Metals from Waste Printed Circuit Boards (WPCBs) Using Sulphuric and Nitric Acids. Environmental Engineering and Management Journal 2014; 13:2601-2607.

[39] Oh C, Lee S, Yang H, Ha T, Kim M. Selective Leaching of Valuable Metals from Waste Printed Circuit Boards. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 2012; 53:897-902.

[40] Silvas F, Correa M, Caldas M, Moraes V, Espinosa D, Tenorio J. Printed circuit board recycling: Physical processing and copper extraction by selective leaching. Waste Management 2015; 46:503-510.

[41] Trinh H, Kim S, Lee J. Selective Copper Recovery by Acid Leaching from Printed Circuit Board Waste Sludge. Metals 2020; 10,293:1-13.

[42] Ajiboye A, Olasehinde F, Adebayo O, Ajayi O, Ghosh M, Basu S. Extraction of Copper and Zinc from Waste Printed Circuit Boards. Recycling 2019;4, 36:1-13.

[43] Baniasadi M, Graves J, Ray D, Silva A, Renshaw D, Farnaud S. Closed-Loop Recycling of Copper from Waste Printed Circuit Boards Using Bioleaching and Electrowinning Processes. Waste and Biomass Valorization 2021; 12:3125-3136.

[44] Bas A, Deveci H, Yazici E. Bioleaching of copper from low grade scrap TV circuit boards using mesophilic bacteria. Hydrometallurgy 2013; 138:65-70.

[45] Calgaro C, Schlemmer D, Silva M, Maziero E, Tanabe E, Bertuol D. Fast copper extraction from printed circuit boards using supercritical carbon dioxide. Waste Management 2015; 45:289-297.

[46] Calgaro C, Silva M, Tanabe E, Bertuol D. Copper Electrowinning from Supercritical Leachate of Printed Circuit Boards. Metals 2023; 13, 395:1-16.

[47] Cayumil R, Khanna R, Haq M, Rajarao R, Hill A, Sahajwalla V. Generation of copper rich metallic phases from waste printed circuit boards. Waste Management 2014; 34:1783-1792.

[48] Chen M, Huang J, Ogunseitan O, Zhu N, Wang Y. Comparative study on copper leaching from waste printed circuit boards by typical iconic liquid acids. Waste Management 2015; 41:142-147.

[49] Correa M, Silvas F, Aliprandini P, Moraes V, Dreisinger D, Espinosa D. Separation of copper from a leaching solution of printed circuit boards by using solvent extraction with D2EHPA. Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering 2018; 35:919-930.

[50] Fogarasi S, Lucaci F, Egedy A, Lucaci A, Ilea P. Eco-friendly copper recovery process from waste printed circuit boards using Fe3+/Fe2+ redox system. Waste Management 2015; 40:136-143.

[51] Gande V, Vats S, Bhatt N, Pushpavanam S. Sequential recovery of metals from waste printed circuit board using a zero-discharge hydrometallurgical process. Cleaner Engineering and Technology 2021; 4:100143.

[52] Hsu E, Durning C, West A, Park A. Enhanced extraction of copper from electronic waste via induced morphological changes using supercritical CO2. Resources, Conservation & Recycling 2021; 168:105296.

[53] Khetwunchai N, Akeprathumchai S, Thiravetyan P. Recovery of Copper and Gold from Waste Printed Circuit Boards Using Monosodium Glutamate Supplemented with Hydrogen Peroxide. Minerals 2023; 13, 321:1-25.

[54] Mokhlis H, Daoudi R, Azzi M. Selective leaching of copper from waste printed circuit boards (PCBs) using glycine as a complexing agent. Glob. Nest J 2021; 1-24.

[55] Rajahalme J, Peramaki S, Budhathoki R, Vaisanen A. Effective Recovery Process of Copper from Waste Printed Circuit Boards Utilizing Recycling of Leachate. JOM 2021; 73:980-987.

[56] Rodriguez E, Avila J, Saenz E, Flores A, Rodriguez M, Toro N, Amador M. Sandoval O. Leaching of Copper Contained in Waste Printed Circuit Boards, Using the Thiosulfate-Oxygen System: A Kinetic Approach. Materials 2022; 15, 2354:1-14.

[57] Goosey M, Kellner R. A Scoping Study End-of-Life Printed Circuit Boards. Department of Trade and Industry Shipley Europe Limited 2002;1-44.

[58] Hageeluken C. Improving metal returns and eco-efficiency in electronics recycling. Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics & the Environment 8-11 May 2006, San Francisco:218-223.

[59] Cui J, Zhang L. Metallurgical recovery of metals from electronic waste: A review. Journal of Hazardous Materials 2008; 158:228-256.

[60] Pant D, Joshi D, Upreti M, Kotnala R. Chemical and biological extraction of metals present in E waste: A hybrid technology. Waste Management 2012; 32:979-990.

[61] Wang Z, Guo S, Ye C. Leaching of copper from metal powders mechanically separated from waste printed circuit boards in chloride media using hydrogen peroxide as oxidant. Procedia Environmental Sciences 2016; 31:917-924.

[62] Kumar M, Lee J, Kim M, Jeong J, Yoo K. Leaching of Metals from Waste Printed Circuit Boards (WPCBs) Using Sulphuric and Nitric Acids. Environmental Engineering and Management Journal 2014; 13:2601-2607.

[63] Abhilash, Tabassum S, Ghosh A, Meshram P, Hullebusch E. Microbial Processing of Waste Shredded PCBs for Copper Extraction Cum Separation-Comparing the Efficacy of Bacterial and Fungal Leaching Kinetics and Yields. Metals 2021; 11, 317:1-17.

[64] Shah M, Tipre D, Purohit M, Dave S. Development of two-step process for enhanced biorecovery of Zu-Zn-Ni from computer printed circuit boards. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering 2015; 120:167-173.

[65] Rodrigues M, Leao V, Gomes O, Lambert F, Bastin D. Copper extraction from coarsely ground printed circuit boards using moderate thermophilic bacteria in a rotating drum reactor. Waste Management 2015; 41:148-158.

[66] Rezaee M, Abdollahi H, Saneie R, Mohammadzadeh A, Rezaei A, Darvanjooghi M, Brar S, Magdouli S. A cleaner approach for high-efficiency regeneration of base and precious metals from waste printed circuit boards through stepwise oxido-acidic and thiocynate leaching. Chemosphere 2022; 298:134283.

[67] Park Y, Eom Y, Yoo K, Jha M. Leaching of Copper from Waste-Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs) in Sulfate Medium Using Cupric Ion and Oxygen. Metals 2021; 11, 1369:1-11.

[68] Ma E. Recovery of Waste Printed Circuit Boards Through Pyrometallurgy. Electronic Waste Management and Treatment Technology 2019; 11:247-267.

[69] Jujun R, Yiming Q, Zhenming X. Environment-friendly technology for recovering non ferrous metals from e-waste: Eddy current separation. Resources, Conservation & Recycling 2014; 87:109-116.

[70] Bauer M, Lehner M, Schwabi D, Flachberger H, Kranzinger L, Pomberger R, Hofer W. Sink-float density separation of post-consumer plastics for feedstock recycling. Material Cycles and Waste Management 2018; 20:1781-1791.

[71] Forti V, Balde C, Kuehr R, Bel G. The Global E-waste Monitor 2020.

[72] Gaidajis G, Angelakoglou K, Aktsoglou D. E-waste: Environmental Problems and Current Management. Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Review 2010; 3:193-199.

[73] Directive 2012/19/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 July 2012 on waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE). 2012; L 197:38-71.

[74] Ghisellini P, Cialani C, Ulgiati S. A review on circular economy: the expected transition to a balanced interplay of environmental and economic systems. Journal of Cleaner Production 2016; 114:11-32.

[75] Borthakur A, Govind M. Emerging trends in consumers’ E-waste disposal behaviour and awareness: A worldwide overview with special focus on India. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 2016; 117:102-113.


Regular Issue Subscription Review Article
Volume 14
Issue 01
Received February 19, 2024
Accepted May 20, 2024
Published June 15, 2024