Incidence of Salmonella spp., Klebsiella spp., Proteus spp. and Two Micronutrients (Zinc and Iron) Present in Poultry Feeds Collected from Sokoto, Nigeria

Year : 2023 | Volume :01 | Issue : 01 | Page : 31-38
By

Nura Maiakwai Salah

Asiya Gidado Yabo

AI Umar

Yusuf Sarkingobir

Atiku Yari Dogon Daji

Rilwanu Umar

  1. Lecturer College of Agriculture and Animal Science Wurno Sokoto state Nigeria
  2. Lecturer Umaru Ali Shinkafi Polytechnic Sokoto Sokoto state Nigeria
  3. Lecturer Sokoto State University Sokoto State Nigeria
  4. Lecturer Shehu Shagari University of Education Sokoto Sokoto Nigeria
  5. Lecturer College of Agriculture and Animal science Wurno Sokoto State Nigeria
  6. Lecturer College of Agriculture and Animal science Wurno Sokoto State Nigeria

Abstract

Mostly, poultry quality is determined by its feed. Thus, in this time of ravaging pollution and infectious diseases monitoring of quality of products related to poultry is eminent. This study aimed at determining the incidence of some microbes and micronutrients (zinc and iron) in poultry feed in Sokoto, Nigeria. Standard methods and materials of analytical grade were used. Zinc and iron micronutrients were determined in feed and egg using atomic absorption spectroscopy. Likewise, standard methods were used to determine Salmonella spp., Klebsiella spp. and Proteus spp. in feed. The most frequent bacteria were Salmonella spp., then Klebsiella, and lastly the Proeus spp. The concentrations of zinc and iron micronutrients present in different poultry feeds and whole egg are as follows: the zinc values in different feeds range from 10.12 ± 3.5 to 20.60 ± 6.6 ppm; and the iron values range from 14.6 ± 0.12 to 40.10 ± 2.5 ppm (P < 0.05). The chronic daily index for zinc and iron are lower than 1, the hazard quotient for zinc is very elevated, and that of iron is lower than 1. However, the hazard index values for the micronutrients is of concern, because they are above 1. The found organisms may contaminate poultry products and adversely affect the public health. However, the micronutrients determined in different feeds were lower than standard, but the presence of these metals in the examined poultry egg could pose hazard to the public like the microbes.

Keywords: Poultry, gg, micronutrient, zinc, iron, hazard, microbes

[This article belongs to International Journal of Pollution: Prevention & Control(ijppc)]

How to cite this article: Nura Maiakwai Salah, Asiya Gidado Yabo, AI Umar, Yusuf Sarkingobir, Atiku Yari Dogon Daji, Rilwanu Umar. Incidence of Salmonella spp., Klebsiella spp., Proteus spp. and Two Micronutrients (Zinc and Iron) Present in Poultry Feeds Collected from Sokoto, Nigeria. International Journal of Pollution: Prevention & Control. 2023; 01(01):31-38.
How to cite this URL: Nura Maiakwai Salah, Asiya Gidado Yabo, AI Umar, Yusuf Sarkingobir, Atiku Yari Dogon Daji, Rilwanu Umar. Incidence of Salmonella spp., Klebsiella spp., Proteus spp. and Two Micronutrients (Zinc and Iron) Present in Poultry Feeds Collected from Sokoto, Nigeria. International Journal of Pollution: Prevention & Control. 2023; 01(01):31-38. Available from: https://journals.stmjournals.com/ijppc/article=2023/view=112131

References

  1. Semple AB, Turner GC, Lowry DM. Outbreak of food poisoning caused by Salmonella Virchow in roasted chicken. Br Med J. 2016; 4: 801–803.
  2. Minor L, Le MY. Designation of Salmonella enterica as the type and only species of the genus Salmonella. Int J Syst Evolut Microbiol. 2017; 37: 465–468.
  3. Mgbeahurruike AC, Agina OA, Anyanwu MU, Emejuo NT, Ekere SO, Ugwu PC, Uju CN, Adong FA. Microbial contamination of poultry feed and the effects on birds’ performance. Anim Res Int. 2023; 20 (1): 4834–4861.
  4. Sarkingobir Y, Umar AI, Gidadawa FA, Miya YY. Assessment of food security, living condition, personal hygiene health determinants and relations among Almajiri students in Sokoto metropolis, Nigeria. Thu Dau Mot J Sci. 2023; 5 (1): 63–76. doi: 10.37550/tdmu.EJS/2023.01.372. International Journal of Pollution Prevention & ControlVolume 1, Issue 1 © STM Journals 2023. All Rights Reserved 37
  5. Friday ET, James O, Eniola OJ, Utu Baku AB. Variations in micronutrients content and lipid profile of some avian eggs. Am J Exp Agric. 2011; 1 (4): 343–352.
  6. Okoli IC. Anti-microbial resistance profiles of E. coli isolated from free range chickens in urban and rural environments of Imo state, Nigeria. Online J Health Allied Sci. 2016; 5 (1): 1–11.
  7. Quinn PJ, Carter ME, Markey BK, Carter GR. Prevalence of Salmonella and E. coli in poultry feeds. In: Clinical Veterinary Microbiology. New York, NY: Mosby; 2019.
  8. Abduljaleel SA, Shuhaim-Othman M. Metals concentrations in eggs of domestic avian and estimation of health risk from eggs consumption. J Biol Sci. 2011; 11 (7): 448–453. doi:
    10.3923/jbs.2011.448.453.
  9. Edwards PR, Bruner DW, Moran AB. The genus Salmonella, its occurrence and distribution in the United States. Bull Kentucky Agric Exp Station. 2018; 52: 1–6.
  10. Quadri SF, Deyoe CW. Effect of temperature on Salmonella content of feeds. Feedstuffs. 2018; 47: 65–66.
  11. Bryan FL, Doyl MP. Health risk and consequences of Salmonella and Campylobacter jejuni in raw poultry. J Food Protect. 2015; 58: 326–344.
  12. Okoye COB, Ibeto CN, Ihedioha JN. Assessment of heavy metals in chicken feeds sold in Southeastern Nigeria. Adv Appl Sci Res. 2011; 2 (3): 63–68.
  13. Barrow GI, Felthman RK. Cowan and Steel’s Manual for the Identification of Medical Bacteria. 3rd edition. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 2017.
  14. Cordon RF, Tucker JF. The epizootiology of Salmonella Menston infection of fowls and the effect of feeding poultry food artificially infected with Salmonella. Br Poultry Sci. 2015; 6: 251–264.
  15. Sousa C, Moutinho C, Vinha AF, Matos C. Trace minerals in human health; iron, zinc, copper, manganese and fluorine. Int J Sci Res Methodol. 2019; 13 (3): 57–80.
  16. Cheesbrough M. District Laboratory Practice in Tropical Countries, Part II. 2nd edition. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 2006.
  17. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Risk and Dilution Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria Isolated from Animals; Approved Standard, 3rd edition. Wayne, PA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; 2008. CLSI document M31-A3.
  18. Liu TS, Snoeyebus GH, Carlson VL. Thermal resistance of Salmonella Senftenberg 775W in dry animal feeds. Poult Sci. 2019; 48: 611–619.
  19. Olagunju TE, Olagunju AO, Akawu IH, Ugokwe CU. Quantification and risk assessment of heavy metals in groundwater and soil of residential areas around Awotan landfill, Ibadan, SouthwestNigeria. J Toxicol Risk Assess. 2020; 6 (1): 1–12.
  20. Tschinkel PFS, Melo ESP, Pereira HS, Silva KRN, Arakaki DG, Lima NV, et al. . The hazards level of heavy metals in different medicinal plants and their concoctions in water: a public health problem in Brazil. Biomed Res Int. 2020; 2020: Article 1465051. doi: 10.1155/2020/1465051.
  21. Sarkingobir Y, Yabo AG, Yarima SA, Miya YY, Sule IF, Bello NR, Shehu A. Biomedical waste management among primary health care workers, Bauchi local government area, Bauchi state, Nigeria. J Teknokes. 2022; 15 (4): 242–251. doi: 10.35882/teknokes.v15i4.348.
  22. Umar AI, Sarkingobir Y, Dikko M., Spectro-analytical research of selected heavy metals (Cu, Cd, Cr, and Pb) in four different single-use plastics commonly in contact with food from Sokoto, Nigeria. J Teknokes. 2022; 15 (1): 76–80. doi: 10.35882/tekenokes.v15i2.199.
  23. Hamad MA, Al-Aalim AM, Al-Dabbagh SYA, Ali HH. Detection of organ bacterial load in quails. Iraqi J Vet Sci. 2012; 26 (2): 47–51.
  24. Yulistiani R, Praseptiangga D, Supyani, Sudibya. Contamination level and prevalence of foodborne pathogen enterobacteriaceae in broiler and backyard chicken meats sold at traditional markets in Surabaya, Indonesia. Malays Appl Biol. 2019; 48 (3): 95–103.
  25. Akter A, Mondol MN, Chamon AS, Abul Faiz SM. Heavy metals in poultry and fish feed ingredients in Bangladesh: a potential threat to our next generation. Int J Eng Appl Sci Technol. 2020; 5 (8): 64–70. Incidence of Salmonella spp., Klebsiella spp., Proteus spp. and Two Micronutrients Salah et al. © STM Journals 2023. All Rights Reserved 38
  26. Irenosen OG, Ajiwe VIE. Transfer factor and bioaccumulation of heavy metals in fishes from Rivers Owan and Erbiobe, Edo state, Nigeria. Int J Life Sci Res. 2019; 4 (7): 91–100.
  27. Rokanuzzaman BM, Salman U, Bristy NA, Kundu S, Alam SS, Khalil I. Assessment of heavy metals and trace elements in egg and eggshells of Gallus gallus domesticus, Cortunix coturnix and Anas platyrhynchis. Saudi J Biomed Res. 2022; 7 (4): 137–142.
  28. Igwemmar NC, Kakulu SE. Content of heavy metals in poultry and local (free range) chickens raised within Gwagwalada Area Council of Abuja, Nigeria. Cognizance J Multidiscipl Stud. 2022; 2 (9): 43–57.
Regular Issue Subscription Original Research
Volume 01
Issue 01
Received June 24, 2023
Accepted June 30, 2023
Published July 6, 2023
Views: 469